wde chapter 2

a disability that affects the worker’s physical ability to move and handle loading is known as a ____ musculo-skeletal disorder

work-related

all unnecessary physical disabilities can be avoided by these two steps

designing work to lessen the strain on the human body and evaluating ergonomic risks

engineers with knowledge of ergonomics should design work and workplaces to minimize the adverse risks of all of the following except

non-repetitive tasks

the musculo-skeletal system primary structures of human locomotion (movement) are

joints, muscles, skeleton

the locomotion systems allow the human body to turn ____ energy into motion, to withstand physical forces and perform physical work in a way that is simultaneously dynamic, stable, flexible, and adaptive

chemical

the ____ muscles are connected to the skeleton, and convert energy into contractions, thereby producing mobility, stabilizing body positions, producing heat and helping to return deoxygenated blood to the heart

skeletal

many muscles function in opposing pairs called ___, meaning that their contractions result in movements that work against each other

antagonist

healthy muscle tissue has the following characteristics except

contractibility

what is the order of priority for muscles, joints, and bones to minimize injury risk

muscles < skeleton < joints

three-dimensional joints permit the greatest range of movement in several dimensions, and are for example found at the base of the thumb or at the ____ and ____ joints

shoulder, hip

the skeletal muscles protect the skeleton which protects the organs. the joints protect blood vessels, tendons, muscles, and nerves that run through them, but are also the ____ of the three structures

most fragile

what is not one of the 3 main human components to consider in ergonomics

human being

the natural shape of the spinal column is s-shaped. what factors influence the compressive loading on the spine?

standing straight or slouched, sitting, lying down, posture

t/f: to avoid shoulder injury, the work should be designed so the operator keeps their arms above shoulder level for extended periods

false

_____ loading can gradually wear down locomotion abilities due to constant loading of the same muscles, pressure on the same body structures

static

which structure connects the muscles to the bones

tendons

which part of the spine supports the skull

cervical region

what type of joint allows the widest range of motion

ball-and-socket joints

what is the function of cartilage in the joints

reduce friction and cushion bones

which type of muscle is fatigue-resistant and works continously

cardiac