psychology exam two

brain waves associated with NREM 1

theta waves

brain waves associated with NREM 2

theta waves and sleep spindles

brain waves associated with NREM 3

delta waves (100%)

brain waves associated with REM

rapid eye movement sleep

non-REM state 1 abbreviated

N1

non-REM stage 2 abbreviated

N2

non-REM stage 3 abbreviated

N3

REM abbreviated

R

non-REM stage 1

• lightest sleep

• “hypnogogic” state

• monoclinic (jerk)

• startle awake

• feeling of falling

non-REM stage 2

• more deep

• (mid sleep)

non-REM stage 3

• deep sleep

• heart rate and breathing regulates

• blood pressure/ brain activity lower

• 24 hours

• slow wave/deep sleep begins

REM

• active sleep

• “paradoxical” sleep

• dream sleep

• 20-25% of nights sleep

sleep disorders

narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia

narcolepsy

characterized by daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep

sleep apnea

periods during sleep when breathing stops, the individual must be awaken briefly to breathe

insomnia

difficulty falling/staying asleep, sleep that is light, restless, or poor quality

parasomnias

somnabulism, somnliquy, sleep terrors, nightmares

somnabulism

sleep walking, partly aroused from N3 sleep

somnliquy

sleep talking, any sleep stage, is more frequent among children

sleep terrors

partial arousal in N3, usually begins with a piercing scream

nightmares

frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep

REM dreams

• continually dreaming

• story-like qualities

• vivid, visual, emotional

• very brain active

NREM dreams

• less frequent

• less memorable

lucid dreams

• individual is aware that they are dreaming

• can influence/control what is going on or happening in the dream

freudian interpretation

believed dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires that must be disguised

manifest content

the content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer

latent content

the underlying meaning of the dream

problem focuses interpretation

dreams are an expression of a current or ongoing concern and can resolve/clarify current problems, relate images in dreams to things in your waking life

activation (synthesis interpretation)

dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random brain activity in REM sleep, we construct a story around brain activity

psych active drugs

any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought

tolerance

needing larger amounts of the substance to achieve the same subjective effects

withdraw

physical response to the removal of a habitually used substance

addiction

a compulsive physical or psychological dependence on a substance that continues despite negative consequences

stimulants

speed up the CNS (central nervous system)

low- moderate levels of stimulants

excited, confident, euphoric

high levels of stimulants

anxious, jittery, hyper

overdose on stimulants

convulsions, heart failure, death

common “uppers”

• caffeine

• meth

• cocaine

• nicotine

• ritilan/adderall

MDMA (ecstasy)

has stimulant effects

depressants

slow down the CNS (central nervous system)

low-moderate levels of depressants

calm, drowsy, reduced anxiety and inhibitions

high levels of depressants

insensitivity to pain and other senses

overdose on depressants

irregular heart beat, death

common “downers”

alcohol, valium, “benzos” drugs

oplates/opioids

pain relievers that mimic the body's endorphins that are derived from the “poppy plant”

effects of opioids

euphoric, reduced anxiety

common pain killers

heroine, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycontin

hallucinogens

disrupt normal thought processes and some can produce visual hallucinations, reactions will vary some are pleasant and some are not

examples of hallucinogens

LSD, mushrooms, MDMA (ectasy)/”molly”

marijuana/cannabls

does not fit into any classes of drugs, is considered an illicit drug, and has both stimulant and depressant effects

too much marijuana

can interfere with memory, coordination, concentration, and reaction times

hypnosis

induced altered consciousness and is a state of deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility

theories of hypnosis

• divided consciousness

• social cognitive view

divided consciousness

is splitting of awareness

social cognitive view

is social role playing and acting out suggestions

meditation

is an induced altered state of consciousness that is rooted in ancient eastern religions, it is a state of “alert relaxation” and improves immune system, lower blood pressure, and cholesterol

learning

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

associative learning

making a connection between two events

observational learning

modeling

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

example of classical conditioning

pavlov and his dogs

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that produces a response without prior learning (an instinctual stimulus)

unconditioned response

an unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (an instinctual or inborn reaction)

conditioned stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus ( a learned stimulus)

conditioned response

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus (same/similar to the unconditioned response)

counter conditioning

change the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response (change the response)

aversive conditioning

form of treatment that pairs a stimulus with an unpleasant stimulus (pairing something with alcohol that makes you sick)

operant conditioning

learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of the behaviors occurrence

four ways in which the consequences of our behavior can be influenced

1. positive reinforcement

2. negative reinforcement

3. positive punishment

4. negative punishment

postive reinforcement

when a reward is given and the consequence of a behavior leads to an increase in the probability that the behavior will occur again

positive reinforcer

the positive consequence that is presented not the person presenting it

primary reinforcers

things that are innately reinforcing (food, warmth, sexual gratification)

secondary reinforcers

reinforcers that are learned (money, prizes, grade, applause)

has to be adhered in order for positive reinforcement learning to occur

• timing

• consistency

• a true positive reinforcer

timing

must be presented within a short time of the desired behavior

consistency

must be presented nearly everytime the desired behaviors occur

a true positive reinforcer

must be something that is actually reinforcing

continuous reinforcement schedule

the reinforcer is given every time, is great for initial learning but is not practical to do all the time

fixed ratio schedule

the reinforcer is given only after a specifies number of responses, produces a high rate of desired behavior but there is usually a pause after the reinforcer is given

variable ratio

the reinforcer is given after a varying number of responses, is the best reinforcement schedule because it produces a very high rate of responses and the learning is permanent

fixed interval schedule

the reinforcer is given after a fixed amount of time, responses increase only as the fixed time approaches

variable interval schedule

the reinforcer is given a variable amount of time

shaping

rewarding a series of approximate behaviors until you get the behavior you want

negative reinforcement

an increase in behavior that occurs as a result of the removal or avoidance of aversive event

punishment

when the consequence of a behavior leads to a decrease in the probability that the behavior will occur again (opposite of reinforcement)

positive punishment

presenting/adding an aversive/bad stimulus (hitting, yelling)

negative punishment

taking away/subtracting a good stimulus (take away toys, car, video games)

stimulus discrimination

discriminating between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response

stimulus generalization

the tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response

extinction

the process of unlearning a learned response because the original source of learning has been removed from the environment

extinction in classical conditioning

extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with a unconditioned stimulus

extinction in operant conditioning

extinction occurs when the consequences of a behavior changes or is no longer reinforced

modeling (albert bandura)

learning based on the observation of other’s behavior

observational learning

attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement of incentive conditions

fixed mindset

belief that our qualities are carved in stone and cannot change

growth mindset

belief that our qualities can change and improve through effort

how to develop a growth mindset

• understand that your intelligence and thinking skills are not fixed but can change

• become passionate about learning and stretch your mind in challenging situations

• think about growth mindset of people you admire

memory

retention of information or experience over time

memory involves three processes

1. encoding

2. storage

3. retrieval

three stages of model memory

1. sensory memory

2. short term memory

3. long term memory