HOA3: Indian Subcontinent Architecture Part 1

India

It is located in the Northern Hemisphere

India

It is the world's 7th largest country and 2nd largest population.

Northern Region

This geographical region of India is the Mountain Zone of the Himalayas

Western Region

This geographical region of India divides India from Pakistan.

Bharatas

They are a Vedic Tribe that plays a significant role in Indian history

Bharatavarsh

This is how the realm of Bharat is known in the Mahabharata

Varsha/Varsa

This term is often used to refer to divisions of land or continent.

Sandstone

Marble

Granite

Soapstone

Timber

Bricks & Tera Cotta

Materials used in Indian Architecture

Sandstone

This material is:

- red or pink in color

- used for temples, columns, floorings

- fine red and cream in Agra

Makrana Marble

This kind of marble is white in color and is used in Taj Mahal

Marble

This material is generally used in the construction of several iconic monuments such as the Taj Mahal in Agra

Granite

This material is an found in deccan plateau and an intrusive igneous stone

Soapstone

This material is easily carved, softer, and metamorphic. It is found in Halebid, central and southern part

Teakwood

Deodar Cedar

Shisham

Different Kinds of Timber along the Indus and Ganges Valley

Teakwood

This timber is found in Burma

Deodar Cedar

This timber is found in the Northern Mountain Ranges

Shisham

This is also called as Indian Rosewood. A hardwood found in the river valleys of the north.

Hinduism

The most prominent religion in India (19.8%)

Islam

14.2% of the population in India practice this religion

Christianity

2.3% of the population in India practice this religion

Buddhism

This religion is mostly practiced in Northern India

True

True or False:

India practices secularism or a no state religion

Vedism

It is a polytheistic sacrificial religion. It includes the worship of tress, stone, and water (nature). Lacked the concept of karma and reincarnation which would come dominate Hinduism

Veda

It is the scripture for Vedism

Brahmanism

- This religion is lead by priests.

- believes that "Brahma" is the "Supreme God"

Hinduism

This religion is a mixture of Vedism philosophies and Brahmanism practices. Believes in reincarnation

Indus or Sindhu

Santana Dharma

These are where Hindu is derived from

Dharma

It refers to moral order, duty, and right action

Kharma

It refers to a person's misfortune that are the result of his or her own misdeeds in a previous life

Ahimsa

It refers to non-violence and respect for all living things

Brahma

He is considered the chief god. He creates, maintains, destroys, and recreates the universe

Trimurti

This refers to the 3 principal deities of Hinduism.

Brahma

Vishnu

Shiva

The Trimurti (Trinity)

Brahma

This deity (Trimurti) refers to the creator

Vishnu

This deity (Trimurti) refers to the preserver

Shiva

this deity (Trimurti) refers to the destroyer

Murtis

It refers to paintings used to worship deities

Pratimas

It refers to sculptures used to worship deities

Saktas

Saivites

Vaishnavites

Deities worshipped by Hindus

Saktas

worship a mother goddess

Saktas

They are considered one of the most debased sects of Hinduism; erotic, sensual imagery

Durga

She is a a beautiful woman with a gentke face, rides a lion with 10 arms holding weapons to vanquish the demons who threaten dharma

Kali

She is portrayed dripping with blood, carrying a sword and a severed head, and wearing a girdle of severed hands and a necklace of skulls symbolizing her aspect as the destroyer of evil which means transformation

Saivites

worship the god Shiva

Vaishnavites

worship the god Vishnu

Swastika

a holy symbol that represents luck

Lotus

Symbolizes birth and is the seat of Brahma

Shiva

God of Yoga

Vishnu

God of Preservation

River

This symbolizes sacredness and purifying. It is believed to wash away misfortune and sins

Cow

It symbolizes and represents Mother Earth

Caste System

Family

Village

3 Important Pillars in India

Caste System

It is believed to maintain the purity of blood.

Varna

This refers to social classes in India

Brahmin

This is the highest rank of Varna

Kshatriya

This rank of Varna includes military and landowners

Vaishya

This class of Varna includes merchants, farmers, producers, and bankers.

Sudra

This class is the lowest rank and includes the laborers and servants.

Dalit

They are reffered to as the "untouchables." They are without a varna and they handle the dead.

Dalit

They are sometimes called Gandhi's Harijans

Namaste

A greeting meaning "I bow to the God within you"

Macrocosm

Microcosm

These are represented by the Hindu temples.

Macrocosm

It refers to the universe

Microcosm

It refers to the inner space or human body

Jainism

This religion believes that the path to enlightenment is through non-violence. They believe in reincarnation and karma.

Jainism

It was established in the 6th c. BCE by Vardhamana

Mahavira "the Great Hero"

Jina "The Victorious One"

Other names of Vardhamana

Jainism

It is based on asceticism, ahimsa, theory and practice of non-violence

Agamas

It is the sacred text of Jainism

Digambaras

Shvetambaras

2 Groups of Jainism

Digambaras

("sky clad" or naked) - monks carry asceticism to the point of rejecting even clothing (even when they appear in public)

Shvetambaras

("white clad") - monks wear simple white robes.

Jainism

This religions believes that the universe exists as a series of layers, both heavens and hells. It had no beginning and will have no ending

Buddhism

Religion and philosophy founded in NE India in the 5th c. BCE. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama

Siddhartha Gautama

He is a Sakya Prince and is called Buddha or the Enlightened One

Theravada

Mahayana

2 Major Branches of Buddhism

Theravada

This branch of Buddhism is the lesser vehicle. They remain faithful to ancient rules Maha

Mahayana

This branch of Buddhism is the greater vehicle. They worship Bodhisattvas or the creatures of charity

Emperor Ashoka

He is the 3rd most powerful Mauryan emperor, who created the first panIndian empire (273 - 232 BCE) promoted Buddhism during the 3rd c. BCE, but it declined in succeeding centuries and was nearly extinct by the 13th c

Nirvana

It is the term used to refer to salvation in Buddhism

Stupas

This is the form of shrines. It is a domical mound grouped with their rails, gateways, processional paths, and crowning umbrella came to be regarded as symbols as symbols of the universe.

Sikhism

- This religion believes in the principle of equality.

- believers wear turbans

- do not seek revenge but believes in self-defense

Singh

Male surname used in Sikhism, which means "lion"

Kaur

female surname in Sikhism, which means "princess"

Gurdwara

Sikh place of worship

Nishan Sahib

It is a saffron colored triangular flag bearing the khanda

Khanda

It is the symbol of Sikh faith

Islam

Founded by Muhammad/ Mohammed in the 7th century, also known to Medieval Christianity as Mahomet. slightly similar to Christianity

Archangel Gabriel

The angel that appeared before Mohammed while meditating on a mountain

Qur'an

The sacred scripture of Islam

Pakistan

It is the 5th most populous country in the world. It is the site if several ancient culture and neolithis site of Mehrgarh

Mt. Meru

It is a sacred mountain considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical, and spiritual universes

Mt. Meru

It is considered as the "Middle of the Earth," and the connection between heaven and earth

Monolithic

Monumental

Free Standing Construction

Rock-cut Buildings

Architectural Character in India

Sacred

Universal

Ritualistic

3 Basic Concepts the Indus Civilization is based on

Mehrgarh, Pakistan

It is the neolithic site considered as the first urban civilization of South Asia. It is the precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization

Mehrgarh, Pakistan

It is the earliest known center of agriculture in South Asia. First Indus village comprises of an irregular scattering of mud brick houses separated by refuse dumps and passageways. These are square and rectangular houses subdivided into four or more units

Urban Centers

In Harappan Civilization, these served as an alternative political centralization or capital.

Harappa, Punjab

This city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares

Harappans

They developed systems such as writing, counting, and building drainage systems.