challenge and change unit 2

Accumulation

The growth of human knowledge

Internal control

Internal moral compasses

External control

Control relies on external forces

-police, social punishments etc.

Elite groups

Small powerful groups of people, who have large amounts of wealth, influence, or control society

Gerard lenski

Functionalist + conflict theory, and why social inequality exists

Social stratification

Society categorizes people into rankings based on factors like wealth, education, income, race, power, etc.

Factors of social change

1) environmental

2) culture

3) ideation

4) economic

5) demographic/ biological

6) political

Environmental factors of change

• the physical environment is unliveable

• Not enough proper resources

• Population is forced to change

Cultural factors of change

• creating new cultural beliefs

• The spread of new cultural habits from one culture to another

Ideation factors of change

• the power of new ideas and beliefs that motivate people to think differently

Economic factors of change

• changes in the production, distribution, consumption of goods

• Changes labor system

• Creates or gets rid of certain jobs

Demographic factors of change

• population growth/ decline

• Society has to meet up with needs that the new generation demands,

• More housing, diapers, hospital staff etc.

Political factors of change

• changes in power or laws often brought on by social movements

• Civil rights movements demanding changes for people in power, laws, authority etc.

Social change theory’s

• Evolutionary

• Cyclical

• Challenge and response

• Functionalist

Evolutionary change theory

Society evolves through a fixed and predictable stages of development

Cyclical social change theory

• society does not move continuously move in a straight line

• They behave like biological organisms

• They are born, grow, mature, reach their peak, then die

Challenge and response social change theory

• Society is determined by how it reacts to specific challenges

• If they successfully overcome a challenge they can now grow and advance

• If they fail to overcome the problem they will either remain the same or collapse

Functionalist social change theory

• society is a complex system that works together to maintain stability

• Society tries to keep stability when a disruptive force creates chaos

Sources of cultural change

1) inventions

2) discovery

3) contact

Inventions (sources of cultural change)

• new products / inventions

• New Ideas

• Social patterns that affect the way people live

Discovery (sources of cultural change)

• discovering something that was previously unknown

• Ex. New chemical elements

Contact ( sources of cultural change)

The contact between two cultures

Diffusion

Spreading of ideas from one culture to another

Direct diffusion

• 2 cultures fuse / merge together to become 1

Indirect diffusion

• 2 cultures exchange ideas through indirect contact

• Ex. Through the internet

Forced diffusion

• one culture completely takes over another

• A cultures ideas are conquered by another

Acculturation

• When a culture adopts aspects of another on a large scale

• It’s transformed by its adoption of the new ideas, customs, traditions etc.

Karl Marx

Came up with Alienation theory

Alienation

A state where an individual feels disconnected/ isolated from their community

Leon festinger

Came up with cognitive dissonance

Cognitive consistency

• It’s our inner drive to keep our beliefs in harmony

Cognitive dissonance

When our actions don’t line up with our beliefs

Behaviour modification

• behaviour intervention/ control

• Goal is to eliminate or reduce bad behaviour and encourage positive ones

Collective unconscious

The deepest layer of the unconscious mind that is genetically inherited rather than being shaped by personal experience

Emile Durkheim

Known for the collective conscious and anomie

Anomie

The breakdown of the social norms that regulate human behaviour

“Normless”

Conditions that force social change

1) a charismatic leader

2) social elites

3) population ready for change

Conformity

• the act of matching your behaviours to group norms or social expectations

• Trying to fit into the group and not stand out or create problems

Solomon asche

How people are influenced by their social environments

Informational influence

• people conform to the behaviours of others because they assume the group is correct

• Want to be right all the time

Deviance

Any behaviour that violates the social norms established by society,

• behaviour that makes you stand out

Positive deviance

Breaking norms to create a beneficial outcome

• Rosa parks

Negative deviance

Breaking societal norms in a harmful way

• Criminal behaviour

Breaking informal rules

• cutting in front of lines

• Using your phone in a movie theatre

Social control

• pressures that society uses to regulate your behaviour

• Encourages conformity

Ex. Prison, school detention/suspensions

Normative influence

• social pressure that causes people to conform in order to be liked and accepted

Strain theory (Merton)

• people want to obtain goals ( like wanting to have a lot of money)

• And some people have access to legitimate ways of completing these goals ( like getting a good job that makes a lot of money)

• And some people who cant get a good job to make a lot of money will resort to other ways of obtaining their goals ( like robbing a bank)

Control theory (Hirschi)

• if the individual has close relations with the society they wont do anything deviant to jeprodize their connections

Differential association theory

• deviance is taught through people you have relations with ( are really close to)

• Their behaviour influences you to act similar to them

Labeling theory

• deviance is not the act itself

• It the label society attaches to the person and behaviour

• They will act according to their attached label

Primary deviance

• the initial violation of the norms

• Doesn’t result in a label

• Doesn’t affect their social standing

Secondary deviance

• publicly labeled as a deviant

• They internalize the label and take it as its all they are

• Ex. A bully will act like a bully if thats what their label is

Stigma

A stereotype that reduces a persons worth into a label

• a kid in school gets in trouble, they’re now associated as a troublemaker and thats all people see and expect from them

• It’s a social tattoo/ branding

Cults contain

• a charismatic leader

• Members who are unquestionably committed

• Ways of controlling you

Behaviour control

Control what you do and when

• promotes obedience

Information control

Control the information you absorb

• blackmail

• Isolation from outside information

Thought control

Control the way they think

• only allow specific thoughts about the cult

• Change how they see themselves

Emotional control

Control their feelings about the cult

• fear about leaving the cult

• Convince them that they are happiest in the cult

Social tension

When one part of society changes at a different pace or direction it creates tension in the group

Social adaptation

The adaptation that society preforms to release the tension caused by change, to regain stability

Diffusion of innovations

• how, why, and at what rates do new habits spread through society

4 aspects of change

1. Sources

2. Control ability

3. Rate

4. Direction

Sources of change

• what triggered the sudden change

• What caused the change to occur

Control ability of change

• how are we controlling the change, through planning, or spontaneous change

Rate of change

• The rate of how quickly is the change occurring

Direction of change

• is the overall change going in a positive or negative direction