Educational Psychology mod. 3

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unlearned reflexive response without prior learning

conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly paired with an unconditional stimulus, gains the ability to trigger a learned response

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not elicit a response of the sort to be measured as an index of conditioning

unconditioned response

the unlearned response to a stimulus, a response that occurs naturally and in the absence of conditioning

conditioned response

the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus

consequences

a specific event or outcome that follows a behavior and influences whether that behavior will occur again, such as reinforcement or punishment

reinforcer

any stimulus or event that, when presented after a behavior, increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

primary reinforcer

the process in which presentation of a stimulus or circumstance following a response increases the future probability of that response, without the need for special experience with the stimulus or circumstance

secondary reinforcer

the process in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to influence the future probability of a particular response by virtue of being paired with another stimulus that naturally enhances such probability

positive reinforcement

an increase in the probability of occurrence of some activity because that activity results in the presentation of a stimulus of some circumstance

negative reinforcement

the removal, prevention, or postponement of an aversive stimulus because of a response, which, in turn, increases the probability of that response

intrinsic reinforcer

the obtainment of a positively valued outcome from the performance of an action

extrinsic reinforcer

provision of a reward for performing an action, such as giving a child candy for reading

premack principle

the view that the opportunity to engage in behavior with a relatively high baseline probability will reinforce behavior of lower baseline probability

removal punishment

a behavior modification technique in which a desirable stimulus is taken away immediately after an unwanted behavior, with the goal of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again

presentation punishment

a form of positive punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented after a behavior to reduce the likelihood of that behavior occurring again

immediacy of consequences

the timing of a consequence relative to the behavior, specifically how quickly the outcome is delivered after the action and how this timing affects the strength and accuracy of its influence on future behavior

shaping

reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the target behavior

extinction

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned behavior when the conditions that originally maintained it are removed

maintenance

the processes and strategies that sustain behaviors, mental states, or information over time, ensuring continuity and stability in cognition, behavior, and emotional well-being

schedule of reinforcement

a rule or plan that determines how and when a behavior will be followed by a reinforcer, shaping the frequence and pattern of that behavior

antecednet

an event or stimulus that precedes some other event or stimulus and often elicits, signals, or sets the occasion for a particular behavior or response

cues

a stimulus, event, or object that serves to guide behavior, such as a retrieval cue, or that signals the presentation of another stimulus, event or object, such as an unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement

discrimination

the ability to response in different ways in the presence of different stimuli

generalization

the spread of the effects of conditioning to stimuli that differ in certain aspects from the stimulus present during original conditioning