Politics and Economics

stagflasi

high inflation with weak growth

disinflasi

slowing of inflation

hiperinflasi

extremely fast inflation

likuiditas

how easily assets turn into cash

solvabilitas

ability to pay long

kebangkrutan

bankruptcy

pailit

bankrupt

kepailitan

bankruptcy (legal process)

likuidasi

winding up a company

akuisisi

taking over a company

merger

joining of two companies

divestasi

selling off shares or assets

privatisasi

handing state assets to private owners

nasionalisasi

bringing private assets under state control

deregulasi

removing regulations

regulasi

rules set by authorities

liberalisasi

opening up with fewer controls

proteksionisme

protecting local industry from imports

monopoli

one seller controls the market

oligopoli

a few sellers control the market

kartel

group of firms fixing prices

persaingan usaha

business competition

konsumsi

consumption

produktivitas

output per worker or input

efisiensi

using resources without waste

efektivitas

how well something works

pendapatan

income, revenue

penghasilan

earnings

keuntungan

profit, benefit

laba

profit

rugi

loss

kerugian

losses, damage

omzet

total sales

aset

asset

liabilitas

liability

ekuitas

equity

dividen

profit paid to shareholders

pemegang saham

shareholder

emiten

company listed on the stock exchange

komisaris

supervisory board member

direktur utama

chief executive

laporan keuangan

financial statement

audit

audit

neraca

balance sheet

arus kas

cash flow

modal kerja

working capital

investasi asing

foreign investment

arus modal

capital flow

pelarian modal

capital flight

gelembung ekonomi

economic bubble

spekulasi

speculation

volatilitas

volatility

fluktuasi

fluctuation

depresiasi

fall in value

apresiasi

rise in value

devaluasi

official cut in currency value

revaluasi

official rise in currency value

kurs

exchange rate

neraca pembayaran

balance of payments

transaksi berjalan

current account

surplus perdagangan

trade surplus

defisit perdagangan

trade deficit

ketergantungan impor

reliance on imports

substitusi impor

replacing imports with local goods

daya saing

competitiveness

rantai pasok

supply chain

logistik

logistics

distribusi

distribution

tengkulak

middleman who buys from farmers

makelar

broker

perantara

intermediary

pesangon

severance pay

tunjangan

allowance, benefits

tunjangan hari raya (THR)

holiday bonus

gaji

salary

upah

wages

lembur

overtime

mogok kerja

strike

sektor informal

informal sector

pengangguran terbuka

open unemployment

kemiskinan ekstrem

extreme poverty

garis kemiskinan

poverty line

pemerataan

equal distribution

redistribusi

redistribution

kesejahteraan

welfare, well

jaminan sosial

social security

asuransi

insurance

dana pensiun

pension fund

tabungan

savings

simpanan

deposit

deposito

time deposit

kredit

credit, loan

kredit macet

bad loan

cicilan

installment

bunga

interest

bunga majemuk

compound interest

suku bunga acuan

benchmark interest rate

agunan

collateral

jaminan

guarantee

kredit pemilikan rumah (KPR)

home loan