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99. Roaring Stock Market

Stock prices rose quickly → people invested heavily → many believed prices would keep rising

100. Buying on Margin

People borrowed money from banks to buy stocks → hoped for profit → could lose money and still owe the bank

101. 1929–1930s Crash

Black Tuesday → stock market crashed → people withdrew money → banks failed → people lost savings

102. Economy Collapse

Businesses overproduced → workers had low pay → people could not buy products → economy crashed

103. Government Actions & Economy

Government did not regulate Wall Street enough → banks were not federally insured → people could lose all their savings

104. Impact on Europe

Europe borrowed money from U.S. banks → U.S. banks failed → economic problems spread worldwide

105. Rising Unemployment & Demands for Relief

Businesses failed → layoffs increased → unemployment rose → foreclosures and homelessness increased

106. Dust Bowl Migrants

Drought + wind + over-farming destroyed topsoil → farmers lost land → many moved to California

107. Hoover Response to Social Crisis

Hoovervilles were homeless communities → named after Hoover because people blamed the government for not doing enough

108. Roosevelt’s First 100 Days

FDR created the New Deal → Relief, Recovery, Reform → programs helped social and economic problems

109. Fixing Banks

FDR regulated banks → FDIC protected bank deposits → restored trust in banks

110. Regulating Wall Street

Federal government created the SEC → regulated the stock market → protected investors

111. Federal Budget

Government spent money on jobs and relief → collected taxes → 21st Amendment allowed alcohol taxes again

112. Putting People to Work

New Deal programs gave unemployed people jobs → workers built roads, infrastructure, and transportation

113. The CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps → gave unemployed young men jobs → planted trees and worked on conservation projects

114. Reviving Industrial Sector

Government projects created jobs → improved buildings, roads, and transportation → helped the economy

115. New Role for Government

New Deal increased federal government involvement → more federal assistance → government took a larger role in the economy

116. Tennessee Valley Authority

Built modern utilities like electricity and water → helped economic development in the Tennessee Valley

117. Eleanor Roosevelt

Supported equality and civil rights → fought for women, African Americans, and the poor → supported social reforms

118. Immigration & Great Depression

Nativism and anti-immigrant attitudes increased → unemployment increased → immigrant quotas limited immigration

119. Native Americans & Depression

Native/Indigenous Americans received more government support and employment compared with some immigrant groups

120. Popular Culture During 1930s

Radio and film became popular → celebrities like Gene Autry entertained people → helped people escape the struggles of the Depression

121. Opposition from Supreme Court

Big businesses challenged New Deal programs → Supreme Court ruled some programs unconstitutional → limited FDR’s power

122. WPA

Works Progress Administration → gave unemployed people jobs → workers built infrastructure and worked in arts and parks

123. Social Security

Law provided retirement pensions for people 65+ and help for disabled people → funded through worker payroll taxes

124. Court Packing Plan

FDR wanted to add Supreme Court justices → wanted more support for New Deal laws → plan failed because it threatened checks and balances

125. Halfway Revolution

People became more dependent on federal government aid → New Deal policies stayed in place but did not completely change society

126. Fascism & How Mussolini and Hitler Used Propaganda

Totalitarian dictators controlled government → used posters and media to inspire nationalism → encouraged loyalty to leaders and political beliefs

127. Albert Einstein & Manhattan Project

Einstein warned the U.S. about Nazi atomic research → helped encourage U.S. atomic research → Manhattan Project developed the atomic bomb

128. U.S. Embargo on Japan & Japan’s Reaction

U.S. restricted resources to Japan → Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941 → U.S. entered WWII

129. Impact of Pearl Harbor on U.S. Society

Americans enlisted and conserved resources → women worked in factories → war bonds and taxes helped fund the war

130. WAC & WAVES Importance to Women

Women took military and factory jobs → WAC and WAVES expanded women’s roles → helped create future workplace opportunities

131. Minorities in WWII

African Americans served despite discrimination → Tuskegee Airmen were an all-Black military aviation group → helped push military desegregation

132. Bracero Program in WWII

U.S. brought Mexican workers to fill wartime labor shortages → workers helped farms and other industries

133. Navajo Code Talkers WWII

Navajo Marines used their language to create military codes → helped communicate securely in the Pacific → Japanese forces could not break the code

134. Reasons U.S. Government Passed Immigration Restrictions in 20th Century

Nativism increased → government wanted to protect jobs and political interests → immigration quotas restricted immigrants

135. FDR Executive Order 9066

1942 order allowed Japanese Americans to be forced into internment camps → government claimed it was for national security

136. Official U.S. Apology to Japanese Americans

U.S. admitted Japanese American internment was wrong → Civil Liberties Act of 1988 gave a formal apology and reparations

137. Significance of Tehran Conference 1943

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met → Allies planned strategy against Germany → discussed postwar peace and international cooperation

138. Nazi Surrender & Holocaust

Allied forces entered Nazi-controlled areas → discovered concentration camps and evidence of the Holocaust → millions had been persecuted and murdered

139. Battle of Midway

Battle became a turning point in the Pacific → U.S. weakened Japan’s navy → helped U.S. begin gaining the advantage

140. Decision to Use Atomic Bombs

President Truman decided to use atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki → hoped to end WWII quickly and avoid a costly invasion → Japan surrendered