Mutation

DNA sequencing

The process of determining the base sequence of DNA.

Mutation

Changes in the base sequence of the DNA, which can be positive, negative, or have no effect, and can occur on a small or large scale.

Small Scale Mutation

Mutations that occur at the nucleotide level.

Substitution mutation

A mutation that replaces one or more nucleotides in the DNA sequence.

Silent mutation

A mutation that produces the same amino acid despite a change in the nucleotide sequence.

Nonsense mutation

A mutation that results in a premature stop codon in the protein sequence.

Missense mutation

A mutation that results in the production of a new amino acid.

Conservative mutation

A type of missense mutation that produces a new amino acid with the same chemical property.

Nonconservative mutation

A type of missense mutation that produces a new amino acid with a different chemical property.

Frameshift mutation

A mutation that shifts the reading frame due to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide pairs.

Large Scale Mutation

Mutations that occur at the chromosomal level.

Nondisjunction

An error during meiosis where chromosomes do not separate properly, leading to aneuploidy.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.

Deletion

A mutation where a segment of the chromosome is removed.

Duplication

A mutation where a segment of the chromosome is repeated.

Inversion

A mutation where a segment of the chromosome is reversed.

Translocation

A mutation where a segment of the chromosome is moved to a nonhomologous chromosome.