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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

Anabolism

The metabolic process that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Catabolism

The metabolic process that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Endergonic

A type of reaction that requires energy input to proceed.

Exergonic

A type of reaction that releases energy as it proceeds.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The primary energy carrier in cells, used to power various biological processes.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The principle stating that energy transformations increase the entropy of a system.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object in motion.

Potential Energy

The stored energy of an object due to its position or state.

Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often to activate or deactivate it.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that involves the breaking down of a compound by the addition of water.

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction that combines two molecules by removing water.

Coupled reactions

Reactions that occur simultaneously, where the energy released from one reaction drives another.

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary energy source.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides linked together.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units.

Lipid

A diverse group of hydrophobic organic molecules, including fats and oils, used for energy storage and cell structure.

Triglyceride

A type of lipid formed from glycerol and three fatty acids, serving as a major form of energy storage.

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of triglycerides.

Fatty acids

Long hydrocarbon chains that are the building blocks of lipids.

Lipolysis

The metabolic process of breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipogenesis

The metabolic process of synthesizing fatty acids and triglycerides from excess carbohydrates.

Proteins

Large, complex molecules made up of amino acids, essential for various biological functions.

Anaerobic

Referring to processes that occur without oxygen.

Aerobic

Referring to processes that require oxygen.

Substrate

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts upon in a biochemical reaction.

Metabolic Pathway

A series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a product.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is a primary energy source for cells.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP in the process.

Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose when energy is needed.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

GLUT-1

A glucose transporter protein that facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells.

GLUT-4

An insulin-regulated glucose transporter that plays a key role in glucose homeostasis.