lecture 1 - risk assessment, absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants, biotransformation of xenobiotics, and toxicokinetics

how do you determine “risk” in toxicology?

1) identifying _________

2) ____________

hazard, exposure

exposure = how long (duration) x how _______ (dose) = severity of harmful effects (response)

much

dose-response relationship with fixed exposure time has an increasing _________ with ___________ dose

effect, increasing

dose-response relationship that is population-based helps estimate the LD50, which is the lethal _______ of 50__. basically if death is the outcome parameter, so the ________ given at ________ and causes the death of 50% of a test population

dose, %, dose, once

risk depends on ________ and _________

hazard, exposure

hazard is _______ is the toxicant? and exposure is how ______/______ are you exposed?

what, long, much

everything is toxic, it all depends on the ________

dose

what are the areas of interest in toxicology? __________ effect (ED50), ___ toxic effect (TD50), and _________ effect (LD50)

therapeutic, A, lethal

ED50 or therapeutic effect is ~___ mg/kg

15

TD50 or A Toxic effect is ~_______ mg/kg (liver damage)

150

LD50 or lethal effect is ~_____ mg/kg

2,000

in general, more dose, more ________, but there are some exceptions. there is a region of _______ between deficiency and toxicity

toxic, homeostasis