HIS 110 UWL Midterm 1

Paleolithic

the earliest and longest period of human prehistory

Neolithic

“new stone age” 10,000BCE - 3,000BCE

Hominids

members of the biological family Hominidae, which includes all modern and extinct great apes as well as humans

Lucy

Fossils dating back around 3 million years ago, are among the oldest fossils of human history

Australopithecines

early species of human history, around 3 million BCE

Homo Sapiens

species name for all modern humans

Pleistocene age, how did humans adapt to when this age ended?

“ice age”, glaciers, huge animals, etc. around 10,000 BCE is when it ended, humans had to adapt to warmer climates, smaller animals, ect

Hunter-gatherer

ways in which humans in early ages, around 100 people per group, would have to fight for food

Fertile Crescent

a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, home to foundational empires and cultures, from hunter-gatherers to permanent farming villages here

Catal Hulyuk

first known settlement, (7,400 - 6,200BCE), start of agriculture

Olmec Society

Located in southern Mexico, (1600-400 BCE), made crop was corn

City state

an independent, sovereign political entity consisting of a single city and its surrounding territory

Mandate of Heaven

an ancient Chinese political and philosophical doctrine that legitimized the rule of kings and emperors

Spring and Autumn Period

period in China which there was no war, with lots of trading, development, and growth

(771- 476 BCE)

Kong Fuzi

Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period

Confucius

(551- 497 BCE)

Laozi

invented Daoism (6th centery BCE)

Shang Yang

Invented Legalism (390-338 BCE)

Confucianism

Takes a moral and practical approach to problems.

“any problem can be solved if there is order in personal relationships”

Daoism

exact opposite of confucianism

humans are not capable of solving problems

“in solving 1 problem, 5 more problems are created”

Legalism

have to have clear punishment and harsh legal codes to keep people in line

Warring States Period

period in China, which cities start fighting each other to get the mandate of heaven, (475-221 BCE)

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China

Begins infrastructure, legalist thinking and starts standardization

250BCE

Qin Dynasty

first imperial dynasty of a unified China

Terra Cotta Soldiers

statues of soldiers in Shi Huangdi tomb

Han Wudi

Emperor of China used Confucianism as a curriculum in university for government officials 100BCE

Confucian Scholars

the elite, educated governing class of imperial China and East Asia

Grand Canal

built by Emperor Yang Jian to connect all trade networks

Minoans

Bronze Age civilization centered on the Greek island of Crete flourished (3000 to 1100 BCE)

was very important in trade, had great wealth, and had few wars or conflicts

Mycenaeans

Prioritized lots of weapons, armor, and walls

took over Minoans

Greek “Dark Ages”

(1200–800 BCE) was a period of severe decline, illiterate, violence,

Greak miths came out from this age

Greek Archaic Period

(800–480 BCE) People get back on their feet, starting to reinvest in art and education

Socrates

Greek person who started the development of philosophy

Hippocrates

Greek person who studied medicine

Plato

Greek philosopher which founded the academy in athens

Romulus and Remus

founded Rome in 753 BCE, said to be raised by wolfs

Roman Republic

509 - 30 BCE

Rome was governed by a mixed constitution of elected officials, a powerful Senate, and public assemblies rather than a king.

Roman Senate

a political and governing assembly in ancient Rome
509 BCE

SPQR

“The Senate and the People of Rome"

Marian Reforms

A series of military and organizational changes traditionally attributed to the Roman senate Gaius Marius,

107 BC

military would now be open to everyone, not just the rich

Would provide housing and weapons

After people completed their time, they would get a plot of land

Emperor Augustus

Used army to take over Rome, and would start the Roman Empire

Roman Aqueduct

gravity-fed water delivery systems built by the Roman Empire to transport fresh water from distant springs and rivers into cities and towns

Roman Roads

an advanced transportation and military network built from around 300 BCE through the expansion of the Roman Republic and Empire

Royal Road

ancient Persian highway built by Darius the Great 400BCE

Zoroastrianism

18th - 6th century BCE

One god created the universe

has a god of light and dark

Focuses on good deeds

“Enjoy pleasures but in moderation”

start of the yin-yang sign

Sidhartha Gautama

was a prince who lived a great life; he loved life's pleasures but felt unfulfilled and became an ascetic (forgoing all pleasures). That didn’t work either, so he created the middle path and sits under the Bodhi tree to find enlightenment

The Buddha

500BCE

The Four Noble Truths

The foundational teachings of Buddhism

1. the truth: life is suffering

2. the cause: we suffer because we desire and crave

3. The cure: stop craving and wanting. things

4. the path: Eight fold path

The Eight -fold Path

Core teaching in Buddhism that outlines the practice required to end suffering (dukkha) and achieve enlightenment (nirvana)

in three categories: Widsdom, Ethical, and Mental

1. understanding

2. thought

3. speech

4. action

5. livelihood

6. effect

7. mindfulness

8. concentration

Nirvana

After following the eightfold path, you will experience total enlightenment or nirvana

Polytheism

the belief in or worship of multiple gods and supernatural beings

Monotheism

the religious belief that only one supreme, all-powerful God exists

Conquest of Judea/Palestine

63 BCE: birth of Jesus

marked the brutal suppression of the First Jewish–Roman War

Barracks Emperors

part of the roman civil war, around every 2 years a emperor would be killed/assassinated, shifting power each time

235 CE to 284 CE

Emperor Constantine

Emperor of Rome

AD 306 to 337; the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity

claimed to se Chi Rho and said Christian god will support him in battle (won a war he should have not)

Chi Rho

symbol of christians formed by 2 greek letters

The Patriarchates

set of people to look over and represent cities with the largest populations in Rome

325 CE

Council of Nicaea

325 CE, set of people to figure out what christianity really is

Emperor Theodosius

Was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395 CE

made christianity the official state religion on the roman empire

The Great Schism

1054

split that permanently divided Christian communion into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East

Muhammed

founder of islam

was a merchant who was visited by the Christian angel Gabriel and get told he is the last prophet of god

Archangel Gabriel

A Christian angle which visited Muhammad

Khadija

Muhammad’s wife, also a merchant but a woman so cannot sell anything

Mecca

the holiest city in Islam

Medina

second holiest city in Islam

Muhammad takes over city in early ages of islam

The Five Pillars of Islam

the five core acts of worship and foundational duties that form the framework of a Muslim's life

1. Faith: only one God; Muhammad is the Prophet

2. Prayer: pray 5 times a day while facing the city of Mecca

3. Fasting: cannot ear/drink during daylight hours of Ramadan

4. Almsgiving: must give to charity

5. Pilgrimage: make a trip to Mecca at least once

The Hajj

annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city in Islam

Ramadan

Ramadan is the ninth and holiest month of the Islamic lunar calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a period of fasting, prayer, self-reflection, and community

The Quran

the holy book of islam, messages from Muhammed

Sunni vs Shia

A split in Islam when Muhammad died

Sunni: want secular leadership

Shia: want a theocracy, relative of Muhammad to lead

Islam

a monotheistic Abrahamic religion founded in 7th-century Arabia by the Prophet Muhammad

Porcelain

A fine-grained, hard, and usually translucent ceramic material

China has the most high quality

Paper

invented in china, a lot cheaper then other option available at that time

Silk

China had a monopoly

very expensive

Block printing

china had monopoly, would stamp words on a piece of paper

Paper currency

China was the first to use coins, copper started running out, switched to a paper currency

Gunpowder

China created but did not use very much until the Europeans discovered/used it

Yuan Dynasty

(1271–1368)

Arabic Numerals

Invented in India

What we use for modern numbers

Made it easier to do math

Algebra

in the Islamic golden age, they made great progress of algebra and other math sequences

Astrolabe

An ancient astronomical instrument that functions as a portable model of the universe, allowing users to calculate time, map the night sky, and measure the altitude of celestial bodies.

created during Islamic golden age

The Alhambra

one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and the only well-preserved palace from the medieval Islamic world

Manoralism

a medieval European economic, social, and political system centered on self-sufficient landed estates called manors

Feudalism

A political, economic, and social system in medieval Europe

1. church

2. Nobility

3. Knights

4. Peasant/merchants

Serf

semi slaves, required to work for a specific land/estate, not person

Holy Roman Empire

962 AD: King Otto I of East Francia is crowned emperor by Pope John XII,

Capetian Dynasty

Humanism

life stance and philosophy that centers on human values, reason, and individual dignity rather than supernatural or divine authority

Yersinia pestis

a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium responsible for causing plague

The Crusades

a series of religious and military campaigns launched by Latin Catholic Europeans between 1095 and 1291 to recover and defend Christian holy sites in the Middle East from Muslim rule.

Alexios I Komnenos

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, 1081 to 1118

wrote letters to pope for help from attacks from the muslims

Pope Urban II

uses a call of help from Alexios I Komnenos to unite all of Western Europe

sends letters all round to tell people if you help out all your crimes and bad things wont could and you will go to heaven

Revelers

During the plague, people wanted to party to live their last few days in happiness because they were going to die anyway

Penitents

people who thought the plague was a punishment from god

Flagellants

people who would harm themselves and others to imitate gods suffering, got so bad the pope had to tell people to get ride of them

The Four Humours

human body contains four core bodily fluids that dictate physical health, emotional well-being, and personality

If one of the fluids is imbalanced, you get sick