AC1.2

Social construct

a concept/perception based on collective views within a society/social group, this can change based on culture/time/circumstance.

Polygamy

having more then 1 wife/husband at the same time

Polygamy laws in the UK

Bigamy is illegal - 7 years in prison and/or a fine

Bigamy

marriage to someone else when you're already married

Polygamy

Legal - mostly in Muslim majority countries

Illegal - most countries

Qur'an

this permits Muslim men to have up to 4 wives

Adultery

sexual relations between a married person and someone who isn't their spouse

Adultery laws in the UK

this isn't a crime

Adultery

Legal - most countries including Europe

Illegal - most Islamic law countries/several African Christian majority countries

Commandment

not committing adultery is a _ shared by Christianity/Islam/Judaism

Homosexuality

sexual attraction between people of the same sex - But i'm A Cheerleader reference

Homosexuality laws in the UK

This is legal

Homosexuality

Legal - Europe/USA etc.

Illegal - India/Saudi Arabia/Iran etc.

Russia

Homosexuality is not illegal but promotion is banned

Homosexuality

Many religions such as Christianity/Islam/Judaism traditionally condemned it

Male homosexuality

this is illegal in more countries due to the sexist belief that women are incapable of it - Aiden Watson reference

1885

In this year, in the UK all male homosexual acts were criminalised with life imprisonment as the maximum sentence.

1967

In this year, homosexuality was legalised (for men age 21+) in England & Wales

2000

In this year, the age of consent was reduced to 16 for homosexuality

The Wolfenden Report

after gathering evidence, homosexuality was legalised as after WW2, there was an increase in prosecutions of gay men

Homosexual Law Reform Society

this group campaigned for homosexuality to be legalised (HLRS)

Stone Wall & Campaign For Homosexual Equality

these groups campaigned for the homosexuality age of consent to be equalised (SW & CFHE)

Drug laws

relating to the use/possession/manufacture/sale of drugs

2001

in this year in Portugal, drug possession was changed from a crime to a civil offense if the quantity was for a less than 10 day personal supply

1 in 100

in Portugal drug laws changed due to the rapid growth of drug addiction, by the 90s _ people were addicted to heroin

Public health issue

the drug laws changing in Portugal was because it was thought that drug use should be regarded as a _ aimed at harm reduction and users are referred to support services rather than prosecuted

Portugal

this country has the lowest drug deaths in Europe - Ines Almeida reference

Gun laws

relating to regulation of manufacture/sale/transfer/possession/modification/use of firearms by civilians - TWD reference

1997

In this year, it became illegal to own a handgun in the UK after 2 events

1987

In this year, Michael Ryan shot 16 people in Hungerford

1996

In this year, 16 children & 1 teacher were shot at Dunblane Primary School

Gun Control Network

This was a campaign for tighter laws set up by lawyers/academics/parents of victims

Snowdrop Campaign

this campaign was started by bereaved Dunblane parents & friends (750,000 signatures were signed for law change)

2011 London riots

due to the moral panic after this event, those involved were more likely to receive custodial sentences for minor offences

Chambliss typifications

_ supported Circourel's beliefs about _ and studied 2 youth groups of middle class "saints" and working class "roughnecks", who were more likely for the police to enforce stricter laws on

Piliavin & Briar situational factors

P & B sf argued that _ play a large part in police's decisions to stop & arrest - they can include the individual's class/ethnicity/age/attitude towards officer/place/time

Age of criminal responsibility

Age which a child is deemed to have the capacity to committ crime

10

age of criminal responsibility in England

Youth courts

magistrates courts have these in England & Wales for 10-17 year olds - they are less formal and members of public are not allowed

1957 Homicide Act

this act led to 3 social defences where the defendant can plead not guilty despite having killed - the police look at level of murder & evidence to see if it's acceptable

Diminished responsibility

when the defendant's mental condition reduced their ability to understand their actions/form a rational judgement, this reduces their conviction to manslaughter

Loss of control

this defence reduces a defendant's conviction to manslaughter

Automatism

when the defendant can show the act was involuntary

Canada

in 2018, this country became the 1st major economy to nationally legalise possession of cannabis

2018

In the UK, doctors have been allowed to prescribe cannabis products since this year

Singapore/Malaysia

in these 2 countries, there is the possibility of death penalty for trafficking cannabis and long prison sentences for possessing it.

Jaywalking

in the USA, this is a misdemeanour/infraction in most states and often results in fines

Motorways

in England, there are no jaywalking laws but walking on _ is prohibited

China

in this country, jaywalking is strictly controlled and photos of violators are publically displayed

41

number of US states that have specific laws against FGM

Stop FGM Act 2020

this act criminalises FGM and penalties are up to 10 years in prison

FGM

there are specific laws against this in countries such as the UK/Germany/Portugal