translation

translation

Open source tools

reduce cost and improve productivity, spotting phase, subtitling editing phase, embedding your subtitles, practise for the price of 0 euro, produce high standard projects ,

What difference between OS AND PS

OS include source code u can freely access and legally modify, PS ready to run without source code access, with os the developer community fixes the bugs as quickly as they discover them

Which phases of the subtitling process can open source tools held u carry out

spotting, subtitling, editing and embedding subtitles

Zabalbeascoas model→ four basic component of an audiovisual text combine which two dimensions

audia visual channels and verbal non verbal aspects

Audiovisual text prototypical criterion that the different elements may be regarded as inseparable for a fully satisfactory communication event saying

elements( audio, visual, verbal, non verbal) are meant to complement each other

Term used in 1980 and early 1990S for translation that forced you to consider non verbal elements

Constrained translation

Different types of avt are distinguished through ?

Change of language, change of medium, the transmission simultaneous, what is the target audience

Types of audiovisual translation

Dubbing (voice over narration interpreting free commentary) Subtitling (subtitling live subtitling) Accessibility ( subtitles for the deaf and the hard of hearing, audio description, in vision signing)

applications of subtitles today

Cinema, tv and multimedia content on the web, dvd blu ray, theathre, user generated content , karaoke effect , announcements, language learning help

Survey by Verizon media and publicist

80% people who use captions aren’t deaf or hard of hearing

Impact captions

Creative on screen captions on Asia tv humour inducing, directive and narrative types

Why increase in subtitling in the 1990s and 2000S

lower cost, audience expectations of authenticity, sdh and language teaching

increased dubbing in 2020S

Audience demand for dubbing on streaming platforms, government quotas for accessibility

Intertitles

first seen in 1903, text cards in silent films , giving descriptive explanations and commentary→ swapped for target language versions→ could even be animated

What happened since the end of First World War

America led film industry w the need for translation for non English speaking country

options for multilingual distribution of early sound films

use inter titles, don’t translate, reshoot films, dub, sub , re edit

First sound film with subtitles

The jazz singer 1927 opened In Paris in 1929 w French subtitles

Characteristics to define subtitling

Synchrony w image and dialogue, semantically accurate version of speech, on screen long enough to read

Open subtitles

Burned or projected onto the image

Closed subtitles

subtitles hidden unless activated→ dvd introduced versatile format, not all dvd subtitles are closed subtitles

From 1920s to 1980S subtitling was divided into which two job

Spotter→ technician marking start and end of utterances, measuring left of the in feet and inches→ from this worked out maximum number of character

Subtitler→ titles written, text abridged as per character limit from spotter

Film printing machine

1930S

Technicals parameters

Projection methods of subtitles

 Laser subtitling introduced in the late 1980s:

subtitling by means of a laser beam; most

common for cinema subtitling; uses time-code;

always white; enhanced legibility

Electronic subtitling

subtitles produced by a character generator ad beamed by a projector , use time code, versatile and preferred method for tv and dvd

Characters per line figures

Cinema and dvd (40) tv 37 VHS 33-35 Netflix 42

Diagonal subtitling Gottlied 1994

translated subtitles from SL TO TL, change of mode from oral to written , may be SDH , maybe be bilingual, may be prepared synchronously as well as asynchronously

Subtitling text reduction

Viewers can safest speech more quickly, not a complete rendering and is a reduced form of st , visual and oral sign and other codes complement the subtitles, reduction can be partial or total

What did lomheim 1995 and Diaz 2003 find about text reduction in subtitling

Reduction varies by genre→ sci fi 37 percent whereas thriller 22 percent , arabic from or to English plus (less) 20 to 25 percent

Why need to rephrase or omit for subtitling

Genre, rhetorical function, characterisation of the speaker, context and cotext, needs of target audience

What is cohesion

Techniques writers have a their disposal to promote coherence → lexical and grammatical devices to ensure coherence

Why is text reduction necessary in subtitling

viewer digest speech more quickly than they can read, so subtitles are a reduced form of the oral source text , visual and oral sign complete subtitles,

What can reduction be

Partial→ condensation or a concise rendering or total→ deletion or omission of lexical items

Two lines subtitles

grammar and syntax more important than aesthetic rules, second line can be shorter or longer, segmentation should occur at the highest syntactic nodes possible

how to cut the sentence

subject ( noun phrase) and predicate(verb phrases)

What is intersemiotic cohesion in subtitling (Diaz Cintas and Remael)

how subtitles connect language to the soundtrack and on screen images→ coherent linguistic visual whole

How should commas be used

prevent misunderstanding or mark pauses→ not end subtitle→ a subtitle change can replace the comma→ but need to minimise punctuation

Semi colons

confusion with colons

what do punctuation indicates in substilies

full stop→ need sentence, colons→ short pause, parentheses baskets→ supp info, exclamation marks→ volume, anger, disgust scorn, ellipses mark hesitation or utterance will continue following title

Pros subtitling

sound is original, as intented , gestures and body language linked to speech, instructive→ improved language and pronoctiation

Cons of sub

crowd picture can ruin composition, divert viewer attention, reduced tnasaltion or errors

Dbubbing pros

no disturbance of video, understood by those w reading diff, what they are accustomed to

Dubbing cons

Painstaking and expensive, text changed for lip syncing, changed beyond recognition, censored, inauthentic, substandard dubbing distracting

Who make subtitling decision for a locale in the globalised industry

work goes to the hq of a large subtitling company then to remote freelancer same conventions used for all languages

What is a master or genesis script

used as the basis for translation into many languages

Cost comparison of programming options

making programs→ buying and dubbing→ buying and subtitling→ subtitling is the cheapest option

State of Carrols 2005 traditional subtitling process

Telecine (recording to working copy), spotting (cueing timing or originating to determine the precise in time and out time for each subtitle) , viewing (the translator watches entire film and starts translating w aid of dialogue list of varying detail, editing revision proofreading, simulation in the presence of the client, laser subtitling

What is the sub process of Sanchez 2004

pRE TRANSLATION→ ADAPTATION→ spotting→ without the AV material, pre transaction→ spotting→ adaptation→ after spotting each transaction is adjusted to fit, Adaptation→ spotting→ translation→ common the multiple versions of subtitles are to be generated from the master subtitle list→ translation/ Adaptation→ Spotting

Diaz Cintas 2018 cybersubtilies→ which types covered

Volunteer and crowd subtitles are the cybertitles which creates fansub guerrilla subtitles, altruist subtitles, outcomes can be fake subs or genuine sub

new fan practices in AVT

Danmu CHINA→ comments shared read while watching→ subbed own comments , top notes, translators notes added on screen→Digital media let anyone produce contents cheaply

AI in AVT

Used for dubbing (apptek audio shake trusync) and automatic captions (apptek, Warner bros) , ai sub still produce errors→ wrong duration or poor segmentation, needing manual revision and qc

four dubbing techniques

lip sychnch, voice over, narration, free commentary

define dubbing by luyken 1991

Replacement of the original speech by a faithful translation that tries to reproduce the timing, phrasing and lip movements, aim is the illusion that on screen characters speak the target language

Voice over Diaz Cintas and remael 2007

narration played over a video segment with the original audio muted or lowered, faithful translation, approximately synchronous, daily for spontaneous speech, pre recorder or live

free commentary

source speech adapted to the target audience rather than faithfully conveyed, no spotting needed, synchronisation w on screen images is essential

narration and voice over vs dubbing

no need to adapt the translation as long as its length is consistent with the original, less emphasis on artistic interpretation no multi track recording less mixing and editing→ suit lower budgets ad non fiction content

voice over countries

russia, Poland Bulgaria→ where dubbing is too expensive and subtitling isn’t favoured→ one narrator voices all dialogue sometimes two

early history of sound film→ which systems and dates

vitaphone→ warner bros first sound films 1926, movie tone→ real breakthrough film recorded sound and images directly on a film strip

why did talkies lead to dubbing and sub in Europe

dialogue carried the plot, creating language barriers that changed distribution→ reshooting, then dub and sub→ more imported films, less home prod and Europe accepting American commercial dominance while focusing on art house films

three types of synchronisation

pre sync music/ lyrics pre recorded, direct sync→ voice and picture recorded/ added after the images are shot → most common

Fodor’s 1976 three types of synchrony

phonetic sync articulatory movement seennmatch sounds heard , character sync dubbing voice’s timbre/ tempo matches the actor’s physique manner, gestures , content sync semantic content of original and dubbed script match closely

Chaume (2004) define lip synchrony, kinesic synchony and isochrony

lip synchrony→ matching mouth articulation of on screen actor, kinetic synchrony matching body movement, isochron matching duration of the Original utterances

when is Lip synchronisation most needed and which sounds are visible Luyken 1991

When lips clearly visible, ¼ of dialogue, visible sounds certain vowels needing specific lip positions

Mt and dubbing research maranta et al 2020

mt struggles w synchrony so distinguishing on screen vs off screen speakers matter for mt assistant dubbing

What is prosody ad why does it matter Sanchez mompean 2023

Intonation, loundnesss tempo rhythm and tension, melody intensity and timing→ helps proceed and interpret connotative meaning and builds understanding between speaker and listener

Dubbitis (Sanchez mompean 2023

recognisable characteristic melody of dubbed speech,

prefabricated orality chaume 2012

written dialogue crafted to sound spontaneous , using devices like pauses, false starts , self corrections, incomplete sentences, slips of the tongue and overlapping speech

Martinez 2004 production stage

production assistant splits the text into takes of 5 to 8 lines, takes numbered w time coded notes, charts per actor and recording sessions booked, actors chosen, director oversees recording and checks pronunciation and content, final mix create

what did matamala 2010 found abt revisions in the dubbed script

translated text changes at each stage

dubbing norms goris 1993

linguistic standardisation( no sociolinguistic variation, levelling of substandard varieties), naturalisation(domestication of cultural references) and explication (disambiguation)

Creativity vs contraints in dubbing

viewers and clients have a tolerances threshold for creativity solution, based on habituation and familiarity , exceeding can provoke client reactions and disrupt the suspension of disbelief

non professional dubbing

fun dubbing,

Ai dubbing

ai tends not to produce dubbed because training data is audiobooks podcasts, credibility now included convincing viewers voices arent synthetic and new specialisms

Subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing

audiovisual translation modality that converts dialogue into written subtitles while also incorporating speaker identification and paralinguistic sound effect

Audio description

technique that inserts verbal description of relevant actions gestures and settings for blind and visually impaired audiences during gaps in dialogue

Audio described commentary

specialised live commentary style used in sports and events that focuses strictly on describing on pitch action rather than tactical stats of length summaries

Irish sign language

recognized sign language that grew from teaching by the Dominican sisters and deaf communities, more closely related to French sign language than British sign language

Universal accessibility

shift in perspective from providing accommodation for specific groups to ensuring media and environments are usable by people with diverse visual , auditory, physical and cognitive abilities

Auteur description

alternative approach to AD, that incorporates the directors creative vision using scripts interviews and reviews allowing describer artistic license to move beyond script objectivism

WYSIWYS PRINCIPLE in audio description

rule of what you see is what you say which mandates that audio descriptions remain entirely objective without subjective judgements, interpretations or commentary

Enriched responsive subtitling

user centred concept proposed by neves 2019 viewing subtitles as part of a flexible , multi layered digital media landscape rather than isolated lines of text

closed captioning

broadcasting method where text signals for SDH are hidden and can be independently activated by viewers who require them

Coimisun na mean

irelands media regulator responsible for setting and monitoring quotas for accessible media services like subtitling, isl and audio description

AD subtitles for interlingual accessibility

technique where unique voice of actors or culturally aligned cast members voice the English subtitles of foreign language content for blind or low vision viewers

ADEPT

specialised software tool used for timing, scripting and editing audio description tracks w features like timecode windows and diagnostic views

Simspecs

practice of checking audiovisual material without the picture during the preparation of an audio description script

two main distinguishing features from open subtitles

Verbatism→ writing down every single word spoken, condensed means shortening or summarising the txt when people speak too fast, SDH must include info of who is speaking and sounds , SDH→ heterogeneous→ diverse