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thermoregulation

The body maintains a stable internal temperature (around 37°C) through mechanisms like sweating to cool down and shivering or vasoconstriction to warm up. The hypothalamus detects temperature changes and coordinates responses.

blood glucose regulation

The pancreas regulates blood sugar using two hormones: insulin (lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage) and glucagon (raises blood glucose by stimulating release from stored glycogen in the liver).

osmoregulation

The body maintains water and salt balance through the kidneys, which adjust urine concentration. The hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water reabsorption when the body is dehydrated, helping to conserve water.

Shivering helps increase body temperature by generating heat through muscle activity. true or false

True

Insulin raises blood glucose levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver. true or false

false

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys when the body is dehydrated.

true

I would be chewed by the teeth and broken down by enzymes in the saliva.

Mouth

After being swallowed, I would move down here through a process called peristalsis (muscle contractions).

Esophagus

I would enter this organ, where acid and digestive enzymes would further break me down into a more liquid form.

stomach

I would move into this organ, where bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas would help break me down even more, and my nutrients would be absorbed through the walls.

small intestine

Any remaining undigested parts would pass into this organ, where water would be absorbed, and I would be prepared for elimination.

large intestine

During inhalation, the diaphragm moves _____ allowing the lungs to expand and take in ______.

down, oxygen

Air enters the body through the mouth/nose, travels down the pharynx, passes through the larynx (voice box), moves down the trachea (windpipe), branches into the bronchi, continues into the smaller bronchioles, and finally reaches the _______ for gas exchange.

alveoli

n the alveoli, oxygen moves from the alveoli into _____, and ______ moves from blood to the ___ to be exhaled.

blood, carbon dioxide, and alveoli

The diaphragm moves downward during inhalation and takes up carbon dioxide (CO₂). true or false

false

Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli and into the blood. true or false

true

The respiratory system helps both with the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide. true or false

true

Deoxygenated blood enters the _______ of the heart, which then contracts to send it into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the ________ to the ______ , where it undergoes gas exchange. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for _________, making the blood oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then flows into the _______

of the heart, and from there, it is passed into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps the _________

blood throughout the body to supply oxygen to tissues and organs.

right atrium, deoxygenated blood, lungs, oxygen, left atrium, oxygen-rich

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body (except the pulmonary artery), while veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body (except the pulmonary vein). true or false

true

The coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (feed heart cells).

true

Given the description, guess the hormone from the endocrine system.  Flip the card to see the correct answer.

After being secreted by the pancreas, I travel through the bloodstream to target cells, particularly those in the liver, muscles, and fat tissue. I bind to receptors on these cells, signaling them to take in glucose from the blood. In the liver, I promote the storage of glucose as glycogen, and in muscles and fat tissue, I help the cells absorb glucose for energy or storage. By facilitating the uptake of glucose, I lower the blood sugar levels to a normal range. This action is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, ensuring that the body's energy levels are stable and that blood sugar levels do not become too high, which could lead to health problems like diabetes.

insulin

Given the description, guess the hormone from the endocrine system.  Flip the card to see the correct answer.

After being released by the adrenal glands during a stressful or emergency situation, I travel through the bloodstream to target various organs and cells. I primarily affect the heart, lungs, muscles, and blood vessels. In the heart, I increase the heart rate, which helps pump more oxygenated blood to vital organs and muscles. I also dilate the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe and take in more oxygen. In the muscles, I enhance their readiness for quick movement by increasing blood flow, and I constrict certain blood vessels to redirect blood to muscles and vital organs. These changes prepare the body for a "fight-or-flight" response, increasing alertness and physical strength to handle the stressor. My actions help the body respond quickly and efficiently to stress, ensuring survival in critical situations.

Adrenaline

Given the description, guess the hormone from the endocrine system.  Flip the card to see the correct answer.

After being released by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration, I travel through the bloodstream to target the kidneys. In the kidneys, I bind to receptors on the cells of the nephrons, which are responsible for filtering the blood. My primary action is to increase the reabsorption of water from the urine back into the bloodstream. This reduces the amount of water lost through urination, helping to conserve water in the body. Additionally, I help maintain the body's water balance and blood pressure. By conserving water, I play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, ensuring that the body doesn't become dehydrated and that the internal environment remains stable.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

muscle - Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements.

Skeletal

muscle - Found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines, bladder, and blood vessels.

smooth

muscle - Found in the heart and responsible for pumping blood.

cardiac

A skeletal muscle fiber is a ______cell that contains myofibrils.

multinucleate

The basic functional unit of muscle contraction is called a _________

.

sarcomere

The sliding of ______ and myosin filaments is triggered by an electrochemical signal from _____

cells.

actin, nerve

What is the primary function of the nervous system? 

Transmit signals throughout the body

What is the main role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Provide support and protection for neurons

The axon of a neuron carries signals:

• 
  Away from the cell body

Neurons communicate through both electrical and chemical signals. true or false

true

The dendrites of a neuron are responsible for sending electrical signals. true or false

true

Myelin sheath insulates the axon, speeding up signal transmission. true or false

true

The action potential is a change in membrane potential that moves from the axon terminals to the dendrites. true or false

false

A synapse is the _____ between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. The presynaptic neuron releases _____ into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, transmitting the signal. The synapse ensures that electrical signals are passed between neurons through a chemical process, allowing ______ in the nervous system.

gap, neurotransmitters, communication

Body reactions such as speeding-up of heart rate and inhibition of digestion and salivation are examples of

_________ nervous system. Body reactions such as constriction of pupils and urination are examples of ________

nervous system.

sympathetic, parasympathetic