GCU BIO 201 lab review guide exam 1

Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.

Anatomy studies the structure and shape of the body and physiology is the study of how the body works

surface anatomy

the study of exterior features

gross/macroscopic anatomy

the study of examining large, visible structures

regional anatomy

the study of body areas like the head, neck, or trunk

Systemic anatomy

the study of groups of organs working together like the skeletal system

Developmental anatomy

the study of the egg (embryology) to maturity

Clinical anatomy

medical specialties such as surgical anatomy

Microscopic anatomy

the study of examining cells and molecules

cytology

study of cells and their structures

histology

the study of tissues and their structures

cell physiology

processes within and between cells

organ physiology

functions of specific organs

systemic physiology

functions of an organ system

pathological physiology

effects of diseases

Name the levels of structural organization

CHEMICAL LEVEL-atoms to molecules.

CELLULAR LEVEL-organelles, protein filaments

TISSUE LEVEL-similar cells working together to form tissue.

ORGAN-the combo of tissues to form organs.

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL- the combo of organs that work together.

ORGANISM LEVEL-sum total of all structural levels working together resulting in a living object

Metabolism

the chemical reactions occurring in the cells and tissues of the body

Anabolism

BUILDING PROTEINS (USES ENERGY) synthesis of new molecules w/i the body's cells or tissues Ex: anabolic steroids= building muscle mass

Catabolism

BREAKING DOWN food, creates energy Ex: CAT-bolism CATS break things

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

intrinsic regulation/ autoregulation

automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems EXTRA help

what are the 3 control systems involved in a maintaining homeostasis

receptor (sensor), control center (integrator), effector (muscle or gland)

receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

control center/ integrator

analyzes info and determines response

Effector

provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output ex: birth and blood clotting

negative feedback

response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus ex: shivering or regulating blood sugar

simple squamous epithelium

function: rapid diffusion or osmosis

found: lining of ventral body cavities, lungs, heart, blood vessels, cornea & capillaries

simple cuboidal epithelium

function: SECRETES & absorbs

found: GLANDS & DUCTS

simple columnar epithelium

function: ABSORBS and secretes

found: Leslie's Inside Stomach Gobbled Up Tons of Kidney Ducts:

Lines Intestines, Stomach, Gallbladder, Uterine Tubes, and Kidney Ducts or DIGESTIVE TRACT

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

function: secretion & mvmnt

location: Luke, Neil, & Troy, Broke Many Rules Today:

Lines Nasal, Trachea, Bronchi, and Male Reproductive Tract or RESPIRATORY TRACT

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

function: protects

found: METRAVS: Mouth, Esophagus, Throat Rectum, Anal, Vagina and Skin

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretes and absorbs

Location: Sweat & salivary glands and Mammary glands

stratified columnar epithelium

function: secretion & absorbs

found: PEAMUS: Pharynx, Epiglottis, Anus, Mammary gland, Urethra, and SALIVARY GLAND DUCT

transitional epithelium

function: STRETCHES and recoils

location: UB & RU: Urine Blocks and Removes UTI's URINARY BLADDER

Stratified Non-keratinized Squamous Epithelium

function: protects & attacks against pathogens, & abrasion

found: METRAV: Mouth, Esophagus, Rectum, Anal, & Vagina

epithelial tissue

tightly packed cells that protects, absorbs, filtrates, excretes, secretes, & sensory reception

connective tissue

widely scattered cells that:

support and protect (bone/cartilage)

transport materials (blood)

energy storage (adipose)

defense (lymph)

muscle tissue

excitable and contractile tissues that contracts to cause movement

nervous tissue

Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity

lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel

Endocrine glands secrete

hormones into the blood

Exocrine glands secrete

products thru or into ducts

Eccrine or merocrine glands

secretes thru vesicles by exocytosis ex: pancreas or salivary gland

apocrine glands

involves the loss of cytoplasm ex: mammary gland

holocrine glands

secretes and destroys cell ex: sebaceous gland

Metaplasia

changing or alters from one type of mature tissue to another

Dysplasia

abnormal development of tissue

dense regular connective tissue

Location: tendons and ligaments

functions:conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction, b/w muscles and stabilizes positions of bones

dense irregular connective tissue

LOCATIONS: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis

FUNCTIONS: Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps

prevent overexpansion of organs such as

the urinary bladder

elastic connective tissue

Function: expansion and contraction of organs, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration, stabilizes position of vertebrae & penis

Location: b/w vertebrae of the spinal column, ligaments supporting penis and transitional epithelia

loose (areolar) connective tissue

location: deep into skin, & covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, & urinary tracts, b/w muscles, around joints, blood vessels, and nerves

function: cushions organs, provides support, but permits free mvmnt, phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens

adipose connective tissue

location: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts & butt

function:provides padding & cushions shocks, reduces heat loss and stores energy

loose reticular connective tissue

location: Let Kids, Lick Nips & Bite More: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, & bone marrow

function: soft internal skeleton/framework

red blood cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

white blood cells

or leukocytes that help defend the body from infection & disease

Platelets

function in blood clotting

compact bone

cortical or dense tightly packed osteons form shaft of long bones

spongy bone

-Cancellous or trabecular bone

-Located in &ends of bones

where bone marrow is found

hyaline cartilage

location: b/w tips of ribs, & bones of sternum, covering bones surfaces @ synovial joints, supporting larynx, trachea, & bronchi,

function: provides stiff &flexible support and reduces friction b/w bony surfaces

elastic cartilage connective tissue

location: external ear, epiglottis, auditory canal, cuneiform cartilages of larynx

function: provides support but tolerates distortion w/o damage & returns to OG shape

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

location: pads w/i knee joint,pubic symphsis, and b/w intervertebral discs

function: resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone compact & limits mvmnt

cranial cavity

dorsal cavity

spinal cavity

thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

ventral cavity

abdominal cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

pelvic cavity

pleural cavity

pericardial cavity

Cephalon (cephalic)

whole head

Cervical

neck

acromial

shoulder

dorsum

back

Olecranal

back of elbow

Lumbar

lower back

gluteus

butt

Popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

bottom of foot

upper limb

lower limb

cranial

facial

entire face

oral

mouth

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

brachium

upper arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

pollex

thumb

palmar

palm

digits

fingers, toes

coxal

hip

pubis

pubic