interactions btw cells

extracellular environment

ISF and extracellular matrix work together to support cells outside its plasma membrane; regulates fluid & matrix for survival, communication, & balance

interstitial fluid

directly surrounds tissue cells that act as a bridge between blood capillaries and tissue cells

Extra cellular matrix

Provides structure balance communication to the cell

Membrane transport

Plasma membrane phospholipid by allows for exchange in substances with outside world via passive and active transport

passive transport

No ATP used, moves from high to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

Simple diffusion

Very small and lipophilic substances can cross through membrane; lipids dissolved in lipids

rate of diffusion

Depends on concentration gradient between two areas and temperature showing kinetic energy; high temp= high movement= high rate

facilitated diffusion

Uses carrier proteins to move bigger or charged substances through plasma membrane

channel mediated transport

Channels and membrane that always open allowing substances to move in or out, depending on concentration gradient

carrier mediated transport

Proteins on cell surface, if substance can't fit in carrier, it won't go through to the cell.

Transport maximum

The most amount of carrier proteins on the cell surface limiting how much substance can be brought in or out of the cell allow, allowing for saturation

osmosis

Movement of water from high to low

Tonicity

Solutions ability to change size of cell based on concentration of solutes includes isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

isotonic

The concentration outside= concentration inside the cell allowing cell to stay the same

hypotonic

Concentration outside cell<concentration inside cell so we expands until hemolysis; burst

hypertonic

Concentration outside the cell> concentration inside cell, so which shovels until cremation

active transport

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient; lower to high using ATP

primary active transport

Directly uses ATP to pump substance against their concentration gradient, like the calcium pump and sodium potassium pump

secondary active transport

Doesn't directly use ATP uses an ion moving with its concentration gradient to drive a molecule attached to it against its gradient; SYMPORT and antiport

Symport

both the driver ion and transported molecule move in the same direction

antiport

The driver ion and transported molecule moves in opposite direction, one going in and other going out

the secular transport

Transportation, moving large molecules, a large amount of fluid through membrane within bicycles, using ATP to remodel cell cytoskeleton and membrane

endocytosis

The process of taking molecules and by turning cell membrane inside out, resulting in phagocytosis pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

Cell eating; cell membrane and golfs large molecules and kills it

pinocytosis

Cell drinking; no specific target it takes samples “sips”of fluid, taking whatever dissolved substances that were in the fluid

receptor mediated endocytosis

Highly specific, ligand binds to receptor to trigger membrane to clean or pinch off into vesicles

exocytosis

The process of moving molecules out of the cell

cell to cell communication

Certain junction that connect cells to other cells to form tissues involves tight junction, desmosomes, and gap junction

tight junction

Made up of proteins, Claudine and a clothing to form kiss sites only allowing small molecules to pass through

Desmosomes

made up of keratin and cadherin proteins forming point of attachments and cells to resist cell tearing apart

gap junctions

Made up a protein connexons creating barrel shaped transporters, allowing molecules to move from one cell to another almost instantaneously, mainly with ions

local communication

Involves contact electrical and chemical signals with paracrine and autocrine

contact signaling

Cells divide until it hits neighboring cells

electrical signaling

Allows passage of ions through gap junction from one cell to the next

chemical signaling

Release molecules and extra cellular fluid to disperse their neighboring cells using paracrine and autocrine

Paracrine in chemical signaling

Releases chemical signals to target neighboring cells of different types

autocrine in chemical signals

Release chemical messengers to bind to neighboring cell of the same kind of receptors

long distance communication

Involves the use of chemical, signaling with neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones, and electric electrical signaling

Neurotransmitters

Substance secreted by neuron to act on neurons and affect our organs

neuromodulators

Substance created that ultra cells functioning; increasing or decreasing

Neurohormones

Similar to neurotransmitters, but it release into the blood and travels in blood eventually finding target

electrical signaling in long distance communication

uses separation between membrane to communicate number of ions, and how fast and how much there are moving across the cell membrane

Ion channels

allows for ions to move through membrane, using leakage channels, ligand gated ion channels, and voltage gated ion channels

leakage channels

Poor in membrane that always open and moves passively

ligand gated ion channel

Channel opens when specifically binds to channel receptors

voltage, gated ion channels

Open when specific voltage level is reached in membrane; goes down concentration gradient from high

resting membrane potential in neurons

Electrical charge difference or voltage across the plasma. Membrane of resting neuron is typically -70 MV inside relative to the outside and is measured using volt meter inserted inside the neuron axon.

Depolarization

Change of plasma membrane becomes more positive and can lead to AP

hyperpolarization

Charge of membrane becomes more negative than resting potential

repolarization

charge of membrane return returns to its resting potential of -70 Mv

graded potential

Short electrical signals between neurons that requires stimulus until it slowly gets smaller and is by directional and can be hyper or depolarized

action potential

Nerve impulse that is a long-distance signal that travels further operates on and all or none system that must hit voltage minimum allowing the ion channel to open

Phases of action potential

Resting: neurons don't send electrical signal resting membrane potential at -70 Mv where sodium and potassium gates close

Depolarization phase: rising phase; threshold is met at membrane potential -50 to 55, AP will fully increase

repolarization: returns to resting potential; sodium Gates close

Hyperpolarization: potassium channels stay open a bit longer more potassium leave making MV more negative than resting MV showing an under shoot

relative Refractory period

Interval following absolute refractory phase when sodium gates are closed, potassium gates are open and repolarization occurs

absolute refractory period

Prevents overlap of AP generation making sure it's separate has one way communication of nerve impulses and cannot move back backwards

conduction velocities

When accent diameter is wider= faster impulses

Myelin and sheath acts as insulator for AP to jump from area of no myelin to the next

synopsis

Junction between two neurons or an affective cell organ

Electrical synapsis

rare but important for central nervous system to waking up paying attention, emotion and memory, ion and water, homeostasis and brain

Chemical synopsis

Needs to be stored in nerve terminal for neurotransmitters

synaptic cleft in synapse

Space between two neurons where the neurotransmitter goes into when AP triggers it allowing for communication to be One Direction

excitatory, postsynaptic potentials or EPSPs

Graded potential that cause cells to become more positive without hitting threshold by graded potential, adding up to meet threshold

Once threshold is hit EPSP turns into action potential

inhibitory postsynaptic potential or IPSPs

Make some more negative or neuron can be exposed to both IPSPs and EPSPs

termination of synaptic transmission

Needs neurotransmitter to pop off to end it

Direct communication

Contact signaling: use cell surface

Electrical signaling; uses gap junctions

indirect communication through chemical signaling

Uses paracrine, hormones, secretion, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones and hormones

Not all can come into the cell. They're caught outside the cell and translated inside.

Second messenger signaling: G protein coupled

after buying to receptor GTP comes off and GTP goes on, then activate G protein, causing separation between alpha sub unit that finds GTP and beta Gamma sub, then a sub unit will be with GDP causing alpha sub unit to go back and buy two beta gamma sub unit and repeat

Second messenger signaling: tyrosine kinase receptors

leak in binding induces, receptor, demoralization and auto phosphorylation, which initiates downstream signaling

Agonist Ligand

Binds to receptor and activates it producing max response

antagonist ligand

Binds to receptor with high affinity without activating it physically blocking endogenous Agnes from binding

partial agonist ligand

Find an activates receptor but produces submaximal response even at 100% receptor occupancy; act as a competitive antagonist in the presence of a full agonist

inverse Agonist ligand

Points to active receptors and suppresses, baseline activity shifting equilibrium towards inactive state

Gs

stimulatory and increase activity that the cell would normally have; finds to its first receptor, activating protein kinase A, increasing its activity

Gi

inhibitory, which decreased activity that the cell would normally have;

Binds to different part of receptor of Adenylate cyclase, inactivating protein kinase A message from Narayan Narayan

Gq

stimulatory; find two phospholipase C, which takes PIP to and cleans it into DAG and IP3, DAG activate protein kinase C to phosphate things

IP three goes to calcium storage sites and trigger calcium release where buying two calcium calmodulin to activate other enzymes and kinase