Industrialization & Imperialism Review Guide

Vocabulary flashcards covering the Industrial Revolution and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and Asia based on the review guide notes.

Enclosure Acts

Laws where landowners fenced off land, forcing many small farmers to move to cities which provided more workers for factories.

Capital

Profits from trade, agriculture, and business that could be invested in factories, machines, mines, and transportation.

Entrepreneurs

Individuals who start a business and take on a financial risk.

Putting Out System

A domestic system where merchants supplied raw materials to workers who produced goods at home.

James Hargreaves

Inventor who created the spinning jenny to aid the spread of textile production.

Edmund Cartwright

Inventor of the power loom, which mechanized textile weaving and allowed large-scale cloth production in steam-powered factories.

Richard Arkwright

Pioneer of the water frame (which spun cotton thread quickly and strongly) and the modern factory system.

James Watt

Inventor of the steam engine, considered the most important invention and an unlimited source of inanimate power.

Henry Cort

Developed the puddling process, which made iron more malleable, less brittle, and stronger.

Sir Henry Bessemer

Inventor of the Bessemer process, which allowed steel to be produced faster and cheaper.

Imperialism

A system where a powerful country controls a weaker country.

Direct Rule

An imperial governing system where foreign countries control everything.

Indirect Rule

An imperial governing system where local leaders govern under foreign control.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where European countries divided Africa among themselves without African representation.

King Leopold II

Belgian king responsible for brutal exploitation in the Congo, where people were forced to collect rubber.

Henry Stanley

Explorer who assisted King Leopold II in establishing control in the Congo.

King Menelik II

Ethiopian leader who defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa, successfully protecting Ethiopia's independence.

British East India Company

A company that controlled trade and eventually took control of large parts of India.

Sepoy Rebellion

An uprising of Indian soldiers who rebelled against British control.

British Raj System

A system of direct British rule over India established after the Sepoy Rebellion.

Viceroy

An official appointed to govern India on behalf of the British monarch.

Trade Surplus

Importing more than you are exporting, described as good for you.

Trade Deficit

Exporting more than you are importing, described as bad for you.

Opium Wars

Wars fought by Britain against China over trade, resulting in unequal treaties with language disputes.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive rebellion against China's Qing government.

Hong Xiuquan

The leader of the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing government.

Spheres of Influence

Designated areas in China where foreign nations controlled trade and economic activity.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the United States supporting equal trading access in China.

Boxer Uprising

A Chinese rebellion directed against foreign influence.

Tokugawa Shogunate

A military government that largely isolated Japan from foreign contact.

Commodore Matthew Perry

American naval officer who pressured Japan to open its ports to trade.

Meiji Reformation/Transformation

A historical period during which Japan modernized its government, military, and industry.

Sino-Japanese War

A conflict in which Japan defeated China, gaining Taiwan and influence over Korea.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict in which Japan defeated Russia, establishing itself as a major world power.