Integrated Korean: Lesson 4 Vocabulary, Counters, and Grammar Review

Comprehensive vocabulary, grammar, and counter flashcards covering Lesson 4 materials including family relations, education levels, vowel contractions, possessive constructions, native and Sino-Korean numbers, honorific forms of 있다, and noun counters.

하고 (hago)

A particle meaning 'and' that connects nouns exclusively (e.g., 커피하고 샌드위치); it does not connect full sentences.

초등학교 / 초등학생 (Chodeunghakgyo / Chodeunghaksaeng)

Elementary school / Elementary school student.

중학교 / 중학생 (Junghakgyo / Junghaksaeng)

Middle school / Middle school student.

고등학교 / 고등학생 (Godeunghakgyo / Godeunghaksaeng)

High school / High school student.

대학교 / 대학생 (Daehakgyo / Daehaksaeng)

College or university / College student.

대학원 / 대학원생 (Daehagwon / Daehagwonsaeng)

Graduate school / Graduate student.

경제학 (Gyeongjehak)

Economics; academic major studied by Sophia alongside Korean.

생물학 (Saengmulhak)

Biology; the subject studied by Sophia's older brother as well as Jenny and Yumi.

오빠 (oppa)

Kinship term used by a female speaker to refer to or address her older brother.

언니 (eonni)

Kinship term used by a female speaker to refer to or address her older sister.

형 (hyeong)

Kinship term used by a male speaker to refer to or address his older brother.

누나 (nuna)

Kinship term used by a male speaker to refer to or address his older sister.

동생 (dongsaeng)

A younger sibling; specifically differentiated into 남동생 (younger brother) or 여동생 (younger sister).

부모님 (bumonim)

Noun meaning 'parents'.

계시다 / 계세요 (gyesida / gyeseyo)

The honorific form of 있다 used specifically to express honorific existence (to be, stay, or reside at a place) for respected persons.

있으세요 / 없으세요 (isseuseyo / eopseuseyo)

The honorific forms of 있어요/없어요 used when expressing honorific possession (an esteemed person has or does not have something).

Alternative Questions

Questions used to ask someone to choose one option from given choices, formulated by placing two possibilities side-by-side separated by a comma (e.g., 마이클은 한국 사람이에요, 중국 사람이에요?).

거 (geo)

The contracted form of 것 (literal meaning 'thing'), commonly used in colloquial spoken Korean, whereas 것 is used in formal situations and writing.

이건 (igeon)

The contracted form of 이거 ('this thing') plus the topic particle 는.

의 (ui)

Possessive particle comparable to the English preposition 'of', placed between possessor and possessed (N1의 N2); usually pronounced [에] and frequently omitted in spoken conversation.

내 (nae)

Plain possessive pronoun meaning 'my', formed by combining the plain first-person pronoun 나 with the possessive particle 의.

제 (je)

Humble possessive pronoun meaning 'my', formed by combining the humble first-person pronoun 저 with the possessive particle 의.

저희 (jeohui)

Humble first-person plural pronoun meaning 'we', 'us', or 'our' (the humble counterpart of plain 우리).

사이 (sai)

Noun meaning (1) relationship or (2) between (e.g., 사이가 참 좋아요).

고맙다 (gomapda)

Adjective meaning 'to be thankful'; conjugates with irregular vowel contraction to 고마워요.

배우다 (baeuda)

Verb meaning 'to learn'; conjugates politely as 배워요 through contraction of 우 + 어 into 워.

비싸다 (bissada)

Adjective meaning 'to be expensive'; conjugates politely as 비싸요.

싸다 (ssada)

Adjective meaning 'to be cheap'; conjugates politely as 싸요.

나쁘다 (nappeuda)

Adjective meaning 'to be bad'; the vowel ㅡ drops before another vowel to conjugate as 나빠요.

예쁘다 (yeppeuda)

Adjective meaning 'to be pretty'; the vowel ㅡ drops before another vowel to conjugate as 예뻐요.

크다 (keuda)

Adjective meaning 'to be big/large'; conjugates to 커요 following ㅡ vowel deletion.

Vowel Contraction (우 + 어)

The rule where the vowels 우 and 어 merge to form the diphthong 워 (e.g., 배우다 -> 배워요; 주다 -> 줘요).

Vowel Contraction (오 + 아)

The rule where the vowels 오 and 아 merge to form the diphthong 와 (e.g., 오다 -> 와요; 보다 -> 봐요).

Vowel Contraction (이 + 어)

The rule where the stem vowel 이 merges with 어 to form 여 (e.g., 마시다 -> 마셔요).

Honorific Contraction ('시' + 어)

The rule where the honorific infix 시 merges with 어 to form 세 (e.g., 안녕하시다 -> 안녕하세요; 계시다 -> 계세요).

몇 (myeot)

Question pre-noun meaning 'how many' or 'which', almost always followed immediately by a noun counter (e.g., 몇 층, 몇 명, 몇 마리, 몇 권, 몇 개).

얼마 (eolma)

Question word meaning 'how much', used in place of 몇 when asking for prices and monetary amounts in 원 or 달러/불.

개 (gae)

General item counter used with native Korean numbers to count individual things or objects.

명 / 사람 (myeong / saram)

Counter used with native Korean numbers to count people (e.g., 한 명, 두 명, 세 명).

마리 (mari)

Counter used with native Korean numbers to count animals (e.g., 개 한 마리).

권 (gwon)

Counter used with native Korean numbers to count bound volumes or books (e.g., 책 두 권).

시간 (sigan)

Counter used with native Korean numbers to count duration of time in hours (e.g., 한 시간, 두 시간).

달 (dal)

Counter used with native Korean numbers to count time duration in months (e.g., 한 달, 두 달).

층 (cheung)

Counter used with Sino-Korean numbers to indicate floors or layers of a building (e.g., 이 층).

학년 (hangnyeon)

Counter used with Sino-Korean numbers to specify school year or grade level (e.g., 사학년).

년 (nyeon)

Counter used with Sino-Korean numbers to state calendar years (e.g., 이천십육 년).

월 (wol)

Counter used with Sino-Korean numbers to designate the named months of the year, with phonetic exceptions for June (유월) and October (시월).

일 (il)

Counter used with Sino-Korean numbers to count or specify calendar days of the month (1-31).

원 (won)

Counter used with Sino-Korean numbers for South Korean currency.

과 (Lesson Counter Distinction)

When preceded by a Sino-Korean number, 과 refers to a specific lesson number (e.g., 삼과 = 'lesson 3'); when preceded by a native Korean number, it counts a quantity of lessons (e.g., 세 과 = 'three lessons').

Native Korean Number Stem Changes

The five native Korean numbers that change form before counters: 하나 -> 한, 둘 -> 두, 셋 -> 세, 넷 -> 네, and 스물 -> 스무.

Native Korean Tens (20–90)

The native Korean decade words: 20 is 스물, 30 is 서른, 40 is 마흔, 50 is 쉰, 60 is 예순, 70 is 일흔, 80 is 여든, and 90 is 아흔.

만 (man)

A Sino-Korean numerical unit representing ten thousand ($10{,}000$); also a separate particle meaning 'only'.

Word Order in Counting

The structural formula in Korean: [noun + number + counter] (e.g., 교과서 두 권) or [noun + particle (이/가) + number + counter + 있어요] (e.g., 교과서가 두 권 있어요).

매일 (maeil)

Adverb meaning 'every day'.

열심히 (yeolsimhi)

Adverb meaning 'diligently' or 'hard'.

어떻게 (eotteoke)

Adverb meaning 'how'.

요즘 (yojeum)

Adverb/noun meaning 'these days'.

들 (deul)

Particle attached to nouns to mark the plural form (e.g., 룸메이트들).

맛없다 / 재미없다 (maseopda / jaemieopda)

Adjectives meaning 'to be tasteless / not delicious' and 'to be uninteresting / not fun', respectively.