Cell Bio Chapter 4, 6, 7

Energy

ability to do work, or create some kind of change

Doing work:

occurs when a force is applied to an object causing it to move

nutrients and other molecules are imported into cell where they:

metabolize, modify, synthesize into new molecules, transport, and distribute

Bioengenerics

describes concept of energy flow through living systems, cells

chemical reactions

break down and build molecules

Metabolism

All chemical reactions occuring inside cells

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is photosynthesis?

using energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide into sugar molecules

Metabolism

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

Metabolic pathway

A series of chemical reactions that take the starting molecule (called a reactant), modifying it through a series of intermediates that will yield a product

Metabolic pathways can be used break large

molecules down into their “component parts” to be

used for energy and/or build larger complex

molecules for use by the cell

True

Photosynthesis and Metabolism

use many steps in their reactions, both use energy (ATP)

Anabolic pathways

series of chemical reactions that require the input of energy to build polymers

Catabolic Pathways

series of chemical reactions that release energy as polymers, are broen down into their monomers

What is metabolism composed of

synthesis reactions (anabolism) and degradation reactions (catabolism) which can yield precursor molecules and/or energy

Each different metabolic pathway is catalyzed by:

enzymes

Thermodynamics

study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter

system

refers to all matter relevant to a particular case of energy transfer

where energy can be exchanged with the environment

open system

can not exchange energy with its surroundings

closed system

Biological systems are

open systems

total amount of energy in the universe is constant and conserved

First law of thermodynamics

energy transferred from one system to another system that is not work

heat energy

the more energy lost to its surroundings

the less organized/less ordered

energy can be

transeferred/transformed into different forms

measurement of randomness or disordered system

entropy

high entropy

highly disordered, low energy

living things are

highly ordered, require constant energy

second law of thermodynamics

in any transfer entropy of system always increases (some energy will be lost)

kinetic energy

objects in motion

potential energy

stored energy

bonds that hold atoms of a molecule together

potential energy

bonds holding atoms together that breaking, realeasing energy

kentic energy

Free energy

energy that is available to do work/ usable energy

free energy is denoted as

G

organic is made up of

carbon

photosynthesis and metabolism are:

opposites reactions to each other

anabolic pathways shows

small pieces plus energy turning into big peices without energy

catabolic energy shows

big pieces plus no energy turning into small peices and energy

we are classified as what system?

open system

heat energy is thermodyanmis is

waste

when your metabolizing youre breaking bonds because…

thats where the energy is

delta is reffered to as

change

ATP stands for

Adenosine Triphosphate

where do mitochondira come from

“back in the day,” they were referred to as free roaming organisms. AKA free roaming

NAD is also reffered to as a

transporter/ transport mechanism

If energy is released during a chemical reaction, the change in free energy is?

Negative

Spontaneous reactions

Exergonic reactions

If energy is absorbed during chemical reactions, change in free energy will be?

Positive

Exothermic reactions are

absorption of heat released in a reaction

exgergonic reactions are

release total