Cog Exam 3

Perception is the use of _ knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli registered by the _, which requires both _ and top‐down processing

previous; senses; bottom-up

Mental imagery is the mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are _ physically present; therefore, sensory receptors _ receive any input when a mental image is created

not; don’t

Visual imagery is the _ representation of _ stimuli

mental; visual

Auditory imagery is the mental representation of auditory stimuli (_) when the sounds _ physically present

sounds; aren’t

STEM disciplines place importance on _ ability

spatial

The imagery debate asks if mental images resemble perception (using an _ code) or do they resemble language (using a _ code)

analog; propositional

Analog code is a mental representation that closely resembles the _ object

physical

Propositional code is an abstract, _‐like representation that is neither _ nor spatial, and it does not _ resemble the original stimulus

language; visual; physically

Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize human _ visually, though other objects may be perceived relatively normally. People with prosopagnosia also have comparable problems in creating _ imagery for faces.

faces; visual

MEG is a procedure for recording fluctuations in the _ fields produced by neural activity while simultaneously providing course‐grained information about the neural _ of observed effects

magnetic; sources

Meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining _ studies on a single topic and tells us whether a particular _ has a statistically significant effect

many; variable

Pitch is a characteristic of a sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from _ to _

low; high

Timbre is the sound _ of a tone—different instruments playing the same note will _ in this regard

quality; differ

A cognitive map is the mental representation of _ information, including a person's surrounding environment

geographic

Spatial cognition is the mental processes involved in thoughts about cognitive _, memory for the world that we _, and keeping track of objects in a spatial _

maps; navigate; array

A heuristic is a general rule or problem‐solving _ that usually produces a _ solution; however, it can sometimes lead to cognitive _

strategy; correct; errors

Border bias is, in cognitive maps, the finding that people tend to estimate the distance between two locations on different sides of a geographic border as _ than two locations the same distance apart but on the same side of a geographic border

larger

Landmark effect is when, in cognitive maps, people tend to provide _ distance estimates when traveling to a landmark—an important geographical location—rather than a nonlandmark

shorter

The 90 degree angle heuristic is, in cognitive maps, when angles in a mental map are represented as being closer to _ degrees than they really are

90

Rotation heuristic is when, in cognitive maps, people tend to remember a figure that is slightly _ as being either more vertical or more horizontal than it really is

tilted

Alignment heuristic is, in cognitive maps, the finding that people tend to remember a series of separate geographic structures as being more _ _ than they really are

lined up

Spatial framework model is the proposal that the _-_ spatial dimension is especially important in spatial imagery, the front–back dimension is moderately important, and the _–_ dimension is least important

above-below; right-left

The situated cognition approach is the proposal that a person makes use of information in the _ environment or situation; thus knowledge typically depends on the context _ the person

immediate; surrounding

An inference refers to the logical interpretations or conclusions that go beyond the _ material or to the use of _ knowledge in order to create information that is not _ stated in a written passage

original; world; explicitly

Semantic memory is a person's _ knowledge about the world, including knowledge about words and other _ information

organized; factual

Episodic memory is people's memories for events that happened to them _

personally

A category is a set of objects that belong _ and are considered by the cognitive system to be at least partly _, which provides useful information about their _

together; equivalent; members

A concept is the mental representation of a _

category

A prototype is the item that is the best, most _ example of a category; the _ representative of a category

typical; ideal

The prototype approach is, in semantic memory, the proposal that people decide whether a particular item belongs to a _, based on a comparison between this item and a _. If the item is similar to the prototype, then it will be _ within this category.

category; prototype; included

Prototypicality, according to the prototype theory of semantic memory, is the degree to which a member of a category is _ of its category

representative

Graded structure, in the prototype approach to category representation, is a description of the _ between the category's most representative or prototypical members, less prototypical members, and _ members

variation; nonprototypical

Typicality effect, in the prototype theory of semantic memory, is the observation that people judge _ items (prototypes) faster than items that _ typical (nonprototypes)

typical; aren’t

Semantic priming effect is the observation that people respond _ to an item if it was preceded by an item with _ meaning

faster; similar

Family resemblance, in the prototype approach to semantic memory, is the observation that for some concepts no single attribute is _ by all examples of the concept—Each example has at least _ attribute in common with some other example of the concept

shared; one

Superordinate‐level categories are, in the prototype approach to semantic memory, higher‐level or more _ categories (“Furniture,” “animal,” and “tool”)

general

Basic-level categories are, in the prototype approach to semantic memory, categories that are _ specific (“chair,” “dog,” and “screwdriver”)

moderately

Subordinate‐level categories are, in the prototype approach to semantic memory, lower‐level or more _ categories (“Desk chair,” “collie,” and “Phillips screwdriver”)

specific

The exemplar approach, in concept representation, is the proposal that people first learn information about some _ examples of a concept; then classify each _ stimulus by deciding how closely it _ all of those specific examples

specific; new; resembles

An exemplar, in concept representation, is the _ of a concept stored in memory—A new stimulus is classified by _ it with these exemplars

examples; comparing

Network models are proposals that _ memory consists of a netlike organization of concepts in memory, with numerous _

semantic; interconnections

A node is, in network models, the representation of each _, or one unit located within the network. When people see or hear the name of a concept, the node _ that concept is activated. The activation expands or spreads from that node to other _ nodes in a process called _ activation

concept; representing; connected; spreading

Spreading activationis, in network models of semantic memory, the process by which nodes _ nearby or _ nodes

excite; related

ACT-R is an approach using a series of _ models in an attempt to account for a wide variety of tasks including memory, _, spatial cognition, language, _, problem solving, and _ making

network; learning; reasoning; decision

Declarative knowledge is, in semantic memory, knowledge about _ and things

facts

The propositional network

According to Anderson's ACT‐R model, the pattern of interconnected propositions representing a sentence.