Senior Secondary Citizenship and Social Development: Economic Development and Intimate Relationships

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Module 3: China's economic performance, industrial and labour force structure, theories of love and friendship, boundaries of intimacy, and adolescent relationship ethics.

How is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) defined, and what is the formula for calculating the GDP growth rate?

GDP refers to the total market value of products and services produced in a country or region in a given period. It reflects the overall size of an economy. The formula is: $\text{GDP growth rate} = \frac{\text{GDP of the current period} - \text{GDP of the previous period}}{\text{GDP of the previous period}} \times 100\%$. A positive result indicates economic growth, whereas a negative result indicates economic decline.

What is China's global standing in terms of GDP, and how does its growth rate compare to the world average?

China is the world's second largest economy, ranking only behind the United States and ahead of Germany, Japan, and India among the world's top five economies in 2024. China's GDP growth rate has consistently been higher than the world average.

What is Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP per capita), and how has China's GDP per capita changed from 1978 to 2023?

GDP per capita is calculated as $\text{GDP per capita} = \frac{\text{GDP}}{\text{Total population}}$, reflecting residents' average income, wealth, and level of economic development. In 1978, China's GDP per capita was only RMB $385$. By 2022, it reached RMB $85,698$ (equivalent to US$\$12,551$), surpassing the global average of US$\$12,100$. By 2023, it reached RMB $89,358$, representing an increase of $231$ times over 40 years.

How does the World Bank categorize economies based on Gross National Income per capita (GNI per capita), and to which category does China belong?

The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four income groups based on GNI per capita: high-income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income, and low-income. According to the World Bank's standard, China is classified as an upper middle-income country.

What constitutes the labour force, and what is the formula for the unemployment rate?

The labour force consists of the population aged $16$ and above who are either employed or unemployed (excluding the non-labour force). The unemployment rate is calculated as: $\text{Unemployment rate} = \frac{\text{Unemployed population}}{\text{Employed population} + \text{Unemployed population}} \times 100\%$.

How did China's unemployment rate and inflation rate perform between 2017 and 2023?

Between 2017 and 2023, China's unemployment rate remained generally low, ranging between $4.3\%$ and $5.0\%$. During the same period, China's inflation rate ranged only between $0.2\%$ and $2.9\%$, and its Consumer Price Index (CPI) remained stable between $100.2$ and $102.9$, reflecting mild inflation and stable price levels.

What are the three levels of industry, and what are examples of each?

1. Primary industry: Directly extracts natural resources to provide food and raw materials (e.g., agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery).
2. Secondary industry: Processes raw materials, manufactures finished goods, or provides production tools (e.g., manufacturing, construction, energy and water supply).
3. Tertiary industry: Provides various services (e.g., retail, catering, logistics, finance, and real estate). All three industries are interdependent.

What major structural shifts occurred in China's industrial output proportions to GDP in 1985 and 2012?

In 1985, the proportion of the tertiary industry exceeded that of the primary industry for the first time. In 2012, the tertiary industry surpassed the secondary industry in its proportion to GDP, becoming the largest sector and transforming China into a modernized, service-oriented economy.

What major trends occurred in China's labour force structure across industries and demographics after reform and opening-up?

Across industries, tertiary employment surpassed secondary employment in 1994, and by 2022, tertiary employment was $18.3\%$ higher than secondary. Demographically, the labour force has trended downward since 2011; the 2020 Seventh National Census showed the working-age population (aged 15–59) dropped to $63\%$ ($890\text{ million}$, down $6.8\%$ from 2010), while those aged $60$ and above rose to $19\%$ ($260\text{ million}$, up $5.4\%$). Nevertheless, in 2023, China maintained the world's largest labour force at $781\text{ million}$.

What are the three main elements of love according to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?

1. Intimacy: A psychological connection involving mutual trust, emotional support, and caring.
2. Passion: Physical attraction and a strong sense of desire to connect with the other person.
3. Commitment: The determination to maintain the relationship, divided into short-term commitment (affirming the relationship) and long-term commitment (recognizing each other as lifelong partners, such as through marriage).

How does Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love classify consummate love, romantic love, companionate love, and fatuous love?

• Consummate love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment (the ideal type of love).
• Romantic love: Intimacy + Passion (lacks commitment).
• Companionate love: Intimacy + Commitment (lacks passion).
• Fatuous love: Passion + Commitment (lacks intimacy and deep mutual understanding).

How does Zick Rubin's theory distinguish between 'Liking' and 'Loving'?

'Liking' is a positive feeling based on respect, admiration, and perceived similarities, without a desire for possession or dependency. 'Loving' entails deep caring, attachment, a desire for physical/emotional companionship, and a sense of coexistence where the other person's happiness is paramount.

What are the five common stages in the development of both friendship and love relationships?

1. Acquaintance (knowing each other / physical or personal attraction)
2. Build-up (becoming friends / becoming lovers)
3. Continuation (staying in touch, mutual support / moving towards marriage)
4. Decline (losing contact / love fading)
5. Termination (no contact / breakup)

According to this survey by the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG), what are the top criteria chosen by primary and secondary school students for choosing a partner?

1. Willing to communicate and understand each other ($50.8\%$)
2. Care about and love me ($40.5\%$)
3. Good moral character ($40.4\%$)
4. Devoted and faithful to me ($29.9\%$)
5. Has feelings for him/her ($25.8\%$)

What are the three main goals of love for adolescents?

1. Satisfy emotional needs: Fulfilling needs for love, acceptance, respect, confidence, and self-esteem (aligned with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs).
2. Find an ideal partner: Learning to identify compatibility in personality, interests, and values.
3. Enrich self-concept: Strengthening self-understanding and forming identity versus identity confusion (aligned with Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development).

What are the five stages of grief identified by psychologist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross that individuals may experience during a breakup?

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

What are the four principles and practical skills for handling a breakup properly?

1. Time: Avoid abrupt breakups without warning; do not use ghosting to replace negotiations; avoid breaking up on holidays, festivals, or anniversaries.
2. Place: Choose a safe, familiar public place; avoid secluded, remote areas or locations with easy access to dangerous goods.
3. Person (Attitude): Stay calm, sincere, and rational; avoid blaming, insulting, or emotional outbursts.
4. Thing: Formulate rational reasons, ensure a clear mutual decision, and minimize emotional and psychological harm.

What are the four perspectives from which 'sex' should be understood?

1. Biological: Body structure, reproduction, gender, and hormone secretion.
2. Sociology: Social systems, cultural norms, and societal values.
3. Psychology: Human thoughts, emotions, self-awareness, and personal growth.
4. Ethics: Values of equality, mutual respect, and moral standards.

What are the four interpersonal distance zones proposed by anthropologist Edward Hall?

1. Intimate distance ($0\text{ to }46\text{ cm}$): For lovers and close family members involving physical touch.
2. Personal distance ($46\text{ to }120\text{ cm}$): For relatives and friends.
3. Social distance ($1.2\text{ to }3.6\text{ m}$): For colleagues and schoolmates.
4. Public distance ($3.6\text{ to }7.6\text{ m}$): For performers, public speakers, and strangers.

What four principles should guide adolescents in setting limits on intimacy in a love relationship?

1. Respect partner's wishes: Avoid coercion and maintain prior consensus without prioritizing sex over love.
2. Protect physical and mental health: Prevent unwanted pregnancy and sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs).
3. Meet family expectations: Prevent premature sexual intimacy that causes family distress.
4. Obey the law: Comply with statutory age requirements and legal provisions governing sexual conduct.

What are the maximum statutory penalties under Hong Kong's Crimes Ordinance for rape and unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under 13?

Under the Hong Kong Crimes Ordinance, the maximum penalty for both rape and unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under $13$ years of age is life imprisonment.

What are the maximum penalties under Hong Kong's Crimes Ordinance for unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under 16 and indecent assault?

Unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under $16$ carries a maximum penalty of $5\text{ years'}$ imprisonment. Indecent assault carries a maximum penalty of $10\text{ years'}$ imprisonment.

What hormones regulate sexual impulses during puberty, and how should adolescents cope with sexual fantasies?

Testosterone (released by testicles in males) and oestrogen/progesterone (released by ovaries in females) regulate sexual impulses. Adolescents should cope through:

1. Cognitive: Staying away from pornographic media and acquiring accurate sex education.
2. Attitudinal: Setting firm intimacy boundaries together and refusing boundary-crossing requests.
3. Behavioural: Avoiding secluded or quiet places when dating alone, and building a healthy lifestyle through exercise, hobbies, and volunteering.

What are the four types of emotional blackmailers identified by psychologist Susan Forward?

1. Punishers: Use overt verbal threats when disobeyed.
2. Self-punishers: Threaten self-harm to force compliance.
3. Sufferers: Display sadness and pain to guilt-trip the other person.
4. Tantalisers: Make enticing promises of future rewards but rarely fulfill them.

What are the major consequences of deviant behaviours in adolescent intimate relationships?

1. Damaging physical and mental health: Bodily injury from physical violence, emotional trauma, and depression.
2. Bearing legal responsibility: Criminal records from assault, intimidation, blackmail, or unlawful sexual acts.
3. Unwed pregnancy: Severe distress, health risks from abortion, and disruption of life and educational plans.
4. Contracting STDs: Risk of infections such as gonorrhea, syphilis, genital warts, or HIV, which offer no post-infection immunity and can cause permanent bodily damage or infertility.