Exam 2 - Radiographic Procedures

general anatomy + radiographic positioning terminology

anatomy

science of the structure of the body

physiology

study of the function of the body organs

osteology

detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

what do radiology look at most?

bones

body planes

sagittal, frontal (coronal), horizontal (transverse)

what is most used plane?

midsagittal - completely down the center

sagittal plane

passes through body vertically from front to back

divide body into right + left segments

midsagittal - equal halves

coronal plane

passes through body vertically from side to side

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

midcoronal (MCP)

passes through midlines and divides body into equal anterior and posterior halves

horizontal plane

passes crosswise through body at right angles to the longitudinal axis

divides body into superior and inferior portions

oblique plane

pass through body at any angle between the previous 3 planes

special body planes

interiliac plane

occlusal plane

interiliac plane

transects body at pelvis at top of the iliac crests (level of L4)

occlusal plane

formed by biting surfaces of upper + lower teeth

2 great cavities

thoracic + abdominal cavities

does abdominal cavity have lower partition?

no, but lower portion is called pelvic cavity (abdominopelvic cavity)

thoracic cavity contents

pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart + great vessels

abdominal cavity contents

peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels

pelvic cavity contents

rectum, urinary bladder, part of reproductive system

position of cavities in relation to diaphragm

thoracic cavity - above diaphragm

abdominal cavity - below diaphragm

pleural membrane

lines inside of the cavity

pericardium

sac enclosing the heart

abdomen quadrants

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

abdomen regions

superior - right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium

middle - right lateral, umbilical, left lateral

inferior - right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal

surface landmarks

radiographers rely on palpable external landmarks to locate unseen anatomy

accepted averages for most patients - only a guideline

why don’t you rely on soft tissue landmarks?

people vary in body size/shape/organ position

body habits

common variations in shape of human body

size, shape, position of organs + thoracic/abdominal cavities

4 major body habitus

sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic

what are the average body habitus?

sthenic + hyposthenic

hypersthenic + asthenic → the extremes

5 bone functions

attachment for muscles- mechanical basis for movement

protection for internal organs

support frame for body

storage of calcium, phosphorus, other salts

production of RBC/WBC

skeletal division

axial (80 bones)

appendicular (126 bones)

206 bones in body

axial skeleton

supports + protects head and trunk - head + trunk

appendicular skeleton

provides for means of movement - extremities

compact bone

strong, dense outer layer

spongy bone

inner, less dense layer spiculated network called trabeculae

filled w/ red + yellow marrow

periosteum

tough, fibrous CT that covers bone, except at articular ends

as we age, what happens to bones?

bones become more spongy

red marrow

produces red + white blood cells

RBC - carry oxygen + hormones

WBC - immunity

platelets - clotting

yellow marrow

stores fat cells

meduallry cavity

central cavity of long bones

contains trabeculae filled w/ yellow marrow

red marrow in ends of long bones

endosteum lines marrow cavity

bone development

ossification - development + formation of bones

begins in utero (2nd month embryonic life)

2 processes of bone development

intermembranous - formed inside, muscular sheath, flat bones

endochondral - long, short, irregular bones

endochondral ossification

primary ossification - before birth + forms long central shaft in long bones

secondary - after birth + separate bones developing at both ends of long bones

long bones

limbs - body + 2 enlarged articular ends

articular - connect bones, ligaments, muscles

ex) femur, humerus, fingers

short bones

cancellous bone w/ thin outer layer of compact bone

ex) carpal bones

flat bones

2 plates of compact bones

middle layer of cancellous bones (diploe)

ex) sternum, cranium

irregular bones

weird shape

ex) vertebrae, facial bones

sesamoid bones

small, oval - develop inside/beside tendons

protect tendon from excessive wear

largest is patella, one under big toes

arthrology

study of joints or articulations, between bones

functional or structural

functional classification

synarthroses - immovable

amphiarthroses - slightly moveable

diarthroses - freely moveable

structural classification

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

fibrous joint

no joint cavity - united by fibrous + connective tissue/ligaments

strongest in body

ex) syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis (roots of teeth)

cartilaginous joints

no joint cavity

virtually immovable

symphysis or synchondroses

symphysis

slightly moveable joint

separated by fibrocartilage pad

strength + shock absorbency

ex) pubic symphysis

synchondroses

immovable joint

united by rigid cartilage

ex) epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

synovial joints

permit wide range of motion - freely moveable

complex joints

enclosed by articular cartilage + synovial capsule

synovial accessory soft tissue

meniscus - absorbs shock

bursae - absorbs shock + cusions joint

synovial joint types

gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball + socket

gliding joint

simplest

ex) intercarpal, intertarsals, carpals

hinge joint

flexion + extension only

ex) elbow, knee

pivot joints

allows rotation around a single axis

ex) atlantoaxial joint (C1- C2)

ellipsoid joints

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

ex) radiocarpal, MCP, MTP (knuckles, fingers)

saddle joints

movement similar to ellipsoid

diff is shape of articular cartilage

ex) carpometacarpal joint between trapezium + first metacarpal (thumb)

ball and socket joints

permits widest range of motion

labrum - shock absorbing cartilage

ex) hip, shoulder

bone markings

processes + projections - extend out from bone body

depressions - hollow/depressed areas

fractures - break in bone

processes + projections

condyle, coracoid/coronoid, crest, epicondyle, facet, hamulus, head, malleolus

styloid, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

condyle

rounded process at an articular end

ex) end of femur

coracoid or coronoid

beaklike or crownlike process

crest

ridgelike process

ex) iliac crest

epicondyle

projection above a condyle

facet

small, smooth-surfaced articular process

ex) each level of thoracic vertebrae for rib attachment

hamulus

hook-shaped projections

head

expanded end of a long bone

malleolus

club-shaped process

ex) knobs on ankles

styloid

long, pointed process

trochanter

either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

tubercle

small, rounded, and elevated process

ex) humerus

tuberosity

large, rounded, and elevated process

ex) tibia

depressions

fissure, foramen, fossa, meatus, sinus

ex) ilium

fissure

cleft or deep groove

foramen

hole in bone for transmission of vessels + nerves

fossa

pit, fovea, or hollow space

meatus

tubelike passageway

ex) ears

sinus

recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space

fracture

any disruption in periosteum

2 classes of fractures

closed/open - infection risk

nondisplaced/displaced

transverse fracture

break in straight line across shaft

comminuted fracture

in multiple pieces

surgical candidate

linear fracture

break along long axis of bone

oblique fracture

break is angled across the bone

spiral fracture

break caused by twisting or rotational forces

greenstick fracture

not all the way through

more common in children - young bones

displaced fracture

bones need realignment to heal properly

reduction - lining the bone back up

caudad

away from head

cephalad

toward the head

peripheral

at or near surface, edge, or outside of another body part

parietal

wall or lining of a body cavity

visceral

covering of an organ

ipsilateral

parts on same side of body

contralateral

parts on opposite side of body