American Expansionism/Imperialism Review

American ExpansionMonroe Doctrine 1823 policy warning European nations not to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere

big stick diplomacy Roosevelt's approach of backing negotiation with the threat of military force

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt's 1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine claiming the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America

dollar diplomacy Taft's policy of using loans and business investment instead of troops to expand U.S. influence

moral diplomacy Wilson's approach of promoting democracy and ethical principles in foreign relations

guerrillas Small bands of fighters who use surprise attacks instead of large battles

Speak softly and carry a big stick Roosevelt's saying meaning that displaying U.S. power helps achieve foreign policy goals

less civilized Roosevelt's phrase for areas he believed the U.S. had a duty to shape; it reflects a belief in American superiority

How Roosevelt became president McKinley was assassinated during his second term

Panama Canal distance Cut the sea route from New York to San Francisco from about 12000 miles to 4900 miles

1902 French company Congress bought the assets of a French company to build a canal in Panama

Why the U.S. backed Panama's 1903 revolt Colombia controlled Panama and refused to let the U.S. build a canal

William Gorgas Surgeon General who fought malaria and yellow fever by cutting mosquito-breeding areas

Lakes and locks Built by engineers to raise and lower ships because of the elevation

Canal workers who died Over 5600 workers mostly Black West Indians died between 1902 and 1914

What the canal symbolized American strength and expansionism and innovation

Why debts worried the U.S. Latin American nations owed large debts to European banks

1902 Venezuela blockade Britain and Germany and Italy blockaded Venezuelan ports over unpaid debts

What the Roosevelt Corollary stated The U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs to keep order

How the Corollary changed the Monroe Doctrine It turned a warning to Europe into a policing tool for the U.S.

First use of the Corollary The Dominican Republic in 1905

Cuba interventions 1906 to 1922 Repeated U.S. interventions to prevent revolution and protect U.S. interests

Map 1903 to 1904 U.S. backed Panama's independence and gained canal zone rights

Map 1905 Marines landed in the Dominican Republic to enforce tariff collection and debt payments

Taft's goals for dollar diplomacy Boost American trade and reduce poverty in Latin America and increase U.S. influence

Nicaragua 1911 American bankers began making loans to Nicaragua

Nicaragua 1912 Civil unrest led U.S. Marines to enter the country

Nicaragua customs The U.S. replaced the customs collector with an American agent and troops supported the government until 1933

Lesson of Nicaragua Economic involvement could still lead to military intervention

Woodrow Wilson's core belief Democracy was essential to stability and prosperity and should be promoted by moral example

Porfirio Diaz Mexican dictator who ruled over 30 years while foreign investors owned the new railroads and factories

Francisco Madero Democratic reformer who led the 1910 revolution and was murdered in 1913

Victoriano Huerta General who seized power in 1913 and was not recognized by Wilson

Why Wilson refused to recognize Huerta Huerta seized power after the democratic reformer Madero was murdered

Veracruz 1914 U.S. Marines seized the city after finding a German ship unloading weapons and anti-American riots followed

Pancho Villa Led guerrillas who burned Columbus New Mexico in 1916 and killed 17 Americans

General Pershing Led 5800 troops into Mexico after Villa and the expedition failed

Haiti 1915 Wilson sent Marines who stayed until 1934

Dominican Republic 1916 Wilson sent troops who occupied the country until 1924

Wilson's contradiction He promoted democracy by moral example yet sent troops into Mexico and Haiti and the Dominican Republic

Match presidents to policies Roosevelt = big stick; Taft = dollar diplomacy; Wilson = moral diplomacy

Overall pattern of U.S. policy Each president expanded U.S. influence in Latin America and troops often followedism/Imperialism