Vitamins

Pernicious Anemia

An autoimmune condition in which the body destroys gastric parietal cells, leading to a loss of intrinsic factor, impaired vitamin $B_{12}$ absorption, and nerve degeneration.

Vitamin C

A water-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that acts as a reducing agent, supports immune function, enhances nonheme iron absorption, and is required for collagen synthesis.

Scurvy

The deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin C, characterized by breakdown of connective tissue, bleeding gums and joints, fatigue, bone pain, and hemorrhaging.

Choline

A vitamin-like substance synthesized from methionine that serves as an essential structural component of acetylcholine, lecithins, bile, and phospholipids.