10/27 Cellular Respiration and ATP

gib’s energy change

an equation that determines the favorability of an reaction

In ΔG^0’, what does the superscript 0’ mean?

physiology pH and temperature

factors of ΔG

enthalpy

entropy

what does enthalpy mean

amount of heat

what does entropy mean

the amount of disorder in system

what does it mean to keep order in system

a constant input of work

what is ΔG

The amt of energy input required for a rxn to proceed

what is ΔG directly linked to

activation energy Ea

+ΔG is

nonspontaneous (not happens on own)

unfavorable (needs an enzyme to occur)

endergonic (energy needed to proceed)

- ΔG is

spontaneous (can happen by itself)

favorable

exergonic (energy is released)

Aerobic respiration

O2 serves as terminal electron acceptor

inorganic molecule

*most favorable

anaerobic respiration

An inorganic other than O2 serves as the terminal electron acceptor

fermentation

A portion of original organic substrate serves as the terminal electron acceptor

*least favorable

A reaction or metabolic pathway with the most negative ΔG value means

most energetically favorable

most favorable

As a ΔG value gets closer to zero (less negative) or becomes positive, the reaction becomes

least energetically favorable

less favorable

what is always to most energetically favorable process of them all

aerobic respiration

what does aerobic respiration one pathway includes

break down of sugar

ex. glycolysis

another pathway in aerobic respiration

preparing high energy intermediates

ex. pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle/ krebs cycle

in aerobic respiration substrates break down to end with what product

H2O and CO2

high energy intermediate

things that can be stolen and used by cell to build something new

is catabolic but can turn anabolic

last pathway in aerobic respiration

recycle soluble electron carriers

ex. electron transport chain

soluble electron carriers

present in every living cells

pick up electrons from one spot and carry them somewhere else

soluble can go in cytoplasm but can bind to different proteins in CM

move around cell

soluble electron carriers can only

pick up 2 electrons at a time

soluble electron carriers do not

get used by a rxn

can a cell change how many soluble electron carriers it has

no there is a fixed # in every cell

If all of a cell’s soluble electron carriers are holding electrons

metabolism stops, cell stops producing ATP, cell without ATP dies

soluble electron carrier NAD full name

Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide

NAD reaction

NAD⁺ + 2e^- + H⁺ ← → NADH (reduced side)

soluble electron carrier NADPH full name

Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide Phosphate

NADPH reaction

NADP⁺ + 2e^- + H⁺ ← → NADPH (reduced side)

soluble electron carrier FAD name

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

FAD reaction

FAD + 2e^- + 2H⁺ ← → FADH₂ (reduced side)

picking up and dropping electrons

change the soluble electron carriers

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gains electrons

a redox reaction

electrons lost by one substance must be gained by another

oxidation and reduction is happening at the same time

in substrate level phosphorylation…

phosphate group is removed from organic molecule and added to ADP

substrate level phosphorylation

ADP + P ←→ ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

An inorganic phosphate molecule P_i is added ADP

Oxidative Phosphorylation reaction

ADP + P_i ← → ATPase

ways to make ATP

1. Substarte- level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative Phosporylation

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate