Unit 2 Biology Exam

What did Galileo do?

He was the first to recognize living creatures were made of smaller components.

What did Hooke do?

He was the first to see cells

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

He was the first to see living cells he called them antimolecules

What did Brown do?

He was the first to recognize that cells have internal structures and 1st to see the nucleus of a cell.

What did Schwann and Schleiden?

He realized cells have their own life and existence yet are an integral part of an organism

What did Virchow do?

He found new cells are produced from existing cells

What is the cell Theory?

All living things are composed of one or more cells and cells are the basic unit of life and new cells arise from pre-exisitng cells.

What is the plasma membrane?

Outer boundary of the cell

What is cytoplasm?

Fluid and structural components of the cell

What is region of DNA?

The genetic information

Comparing the surface area and volume?

As a cell get larger the volume increases at a faster rate then surface area.

How do we avoid volume increasing more than surface area?

They stay small and if they are large they are long and skinny

What does Prokaryotes mean?

Before the nucleus and they lack a nucleus and most other internal structures and are known as bacteria

What are the structure features of prokaryotes?

Nucleoids

What is a nucleoid?

A region of DNA

What is cytoplasm?

A fluid interior with ribosomes

What does the plasma membrane do?

Regulates the movement into and out of the cell

What is the cell wall?

A protective and structural support

What is a Coccus?

A spherical shape

What is Bacillus?

A cylindrical or rod shape

What is Spiralis?

A spiral or helical shape

Where are strepto located?

Live in chains

Where are staphylo located?

Live in clumps

What are Eukaryotes?

The true nucleus and is a nucleus with other internal structures known as organelles

What is Cytosol?

A fluid interior which is composed of water and dissolved nutrients and wastes

What is the nucleus?

The brain of the cell and is the control center for protein synthesis and reproduction

What is the nucleolus?

A darkened central region and is the formation of ribosomes

What is nucleoplasm?

The fluid interior

What is the nuclear envelope?

The protective, or porous wrapper

What is DNA?

Chromatin is thin-thread like and invisible and untwisted, and chromosomes which are X-shaped and visible and twisted and condensed

What is the cytomembrane system?

Sac-like with hollow interior or lumen

What is Rough ER?

Attached ribosomes and protein synthesis transport

What is Smooth ER?

No attached ribosomes and transport and lipid synthesis

What do vesicles do?

Taxi proteins between organelles

What are Golgi bodies?

Series of stacked sacs (Cisternae) Final modification and packing of proteins (UPS)

What are Vacuoles?

Large storage sacs for food or water the central vacuole in plants and stores water

What are digestive sacs?

What are Peroxisomes?

Detox of poisons

What are Lysosomes and what do they do?

The stomach of the cell and digest larger molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances

What are energy-related organelles?

They have their own DNA

What is the mitochondria?

The powerplant of the cell and are energy or ATP production (Cellular respiration)

What are plastids?

Photosynthesis organelles, plant based bacteria cells, and named based on coloration

What are chloroplasts?

Chlorophyll is the green pigments and is the most abundant plastid and there are 20 to 200 per leaf

What are Grana?

Stacks of discs

What are thylakoid?

Individual disk

What is stroma?

Fluid interior

What are chromaplasts?

Carotenoids that have yellow, red, and orange pigments

What are Leucoplasts?

Lack of pigments and are starch storage

What is the cytoskeleton?

Gives cell shape and organization and allows for external and internal movement

What are the components?

Microtubules and microfilaments

What are microtubules?

Tube shaped and consist of protein tubulin

What are Microfilaments?

Rope-Like and contain 2 proteins actin and myosin

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

Movement of organelles using a rataching action between microtubules and microfilaments

What are centrioles?

Are bundles of microtubules that manipulate DNA during cell division

What is External Movement?

What is Amoeboid movement?

Slow movement and the cell flows in general direction

What is Motile Structures?

Fast movement

What is Flagella(UM)?

Long whip like tails and are 1 to 10 per cell

What is Cilia(UM)?

Short, hair like, and there are thousands per cell

9 + 2 microtubular array?

Make up of flagella and cilia

What is the function of the cell wall?

Provide support and structure for the cell and highly permeable

What are the components of the cell wall?

Plant wall is cellulose and fungi walls are chitin and bacteria is peptidoglycan

What is the cell (plasma) membrane strucutre?

It is required to be a cell, a barrier and gatekeeper, and selectively permeable

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Fluid molecules are constantly in motion and the mosaic if of lipid and proteins

What is the lipid bilayer?

2 layers of lipids and most abundant molecule

What is a phospholipid?

Amphipathic molecule

What is the head of a phospholipid?

Sugar and phosphate and are hydrophilic

What is the tail of a phospholipid?

Fatty acids and are hydrophobic

What is the arrangement of phospholipids?

Hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between hydrophilic heads

What does cholesterol do?

Acts as an adhesive in the membrane?

What do membrane proteins do?

Preform most the work of the membrane

What do transport proteins do?

Doorways in the membrane and are very specific

What do channel proteins do?

Allows for passive movement through the membrane

What do gated-channel proteins do?

Allows for controlled passive movement

What do carrier proteins do?

Allows for passive and active movement - very specific

What do receptor proteins do?

Acts as a starter switch to trigger some activity

What do recognition proteins do?

Glycoproteins, cellular fingerprints and identifies the cell, and is responsible for tissue rejection

What are adhesion proteins?

Connects neighboring cells and increases strength of the tissue

What is Diffusion?

The natural tendency of a substance to dispute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What is Osmosis?

Movement of water through a membrane, water is a universal solvent

What is a solvent?

Substance doing the dissolving

What is the Solute?

Substance being dissolved

What is tonicity?

A difference in solute concentrations

What is Isotonic Solution?

Solute concertation in solution (beaker) is same as in cell, there is no net movement, is ideal

What is hypotonic Solution?

Lower solute concentration in solution (beaker) than in cell

What is Hemolysis?

Animal cells bursting if left to long in a hypotonic solution

What is Turgor Pressure?

Pressure generated as central vacuole fills with water in plant cells left in hypotonic solution

What is a hypertonic solution?

A higher solute concentration in a solution (beaker) than in cell, cell loses water

What is crenation?

Animals cells shrivel when left in a hypertonic solution

What is polymolysis?

A central vacuole collapsing as water exits a plant cell left in a hypertonic solution

What is passive transport?

Movement along the concertation gradient, has high to low concentration (diffusion), no energy is required, and they act as doorways: gated-channel

What is active transport?

Movement against the concertation gradient, has low to high concentration, requires energy (pumping), and act as doorways: carriers

What does bulk movement always require to move across the membrane?

Always need energy?

What is Endocytosis?

Formation of a vesicle by the cell membrane to bring substance into the cell

What are phagocytes doing?

Engulfing large particles

What are Pinocytosis doing?

Engulfing liquids (dissolved food)

What is Exocytosis?

Vesicles fusing to the cell membrane to expel substances, like wastes or secretions

What are tight junctions?

A connection that limits space between cells, and acts as a barrier to prevent leakage

What is Desmon’s?

A reinforced connection between cells which is most abundant in high stress areas

What are gap juntions?

A porous connection between cells that aid communication and nutrient flow