AP US GOV TEST#1

What does Article VI of the Constitution establish?

The Constitution, treaties, and all laws passed by Congress are the 'SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND'.

What is the focus of Article V of the Constitution?

Amending the Constitution.

What does Article IV regulate?

Relations among states.

What does Article III of the Constitution pertain to?

The Judicial Branch.

What is encompassed in Article II?

The Executive Branch.

What is outlined in Article I?

The Legislative Branch.

What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?

Three-fifths of slaves counted for the purpose of taxation and representation.

What was established by The Great Compromise?

A bicameral legislature with representation based on population.

What principle is Montesquieu known for?

Separation of powers.

What was the ruling of Engel v. Vitale (1962)?

Mandatory, non-denominational prayer in public schools violated the 1st Amendment's Establishment Clause.

What did Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) determine?

Wisconsin's compulsory education law violated the Free Exercise Clause of the 1st Amendment when applied to Amish families.

What did Texas v. Johnson (1989) rule regarding flag burning?

Burning the American flag is a form of symbolic speech protected by the 1st Amendment.

What was the outcome of McDonald v. Chicago (2010)?

The 2nd Amendment's right to bear arms also applies to state and local governments via the 14th Amendment's due process clause.

What did Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) establish?

State funding for religious schools was unconstitutional and created the Lemon Test for evaluating government actions under the Establishment Clause.

What did Gregg v. Georgia (1976) uphold?

The constitutionality of the death penalty, finding it not cruel and unusual punishment with appropriate safeguards.

What was the significance of Furman v. Georgia (1972)?

Halted capital punishment nationwide by ruling its application was unconstitutional due to arbitrary and discriminatory application.

What ruling did Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) make?

All states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants charged with a felony.

What did District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) establish?

The 2nd Amendment protects an individual's right to possess firearms for traditionally lawful purposes.

What right did Roe v. Wade (1973) establish?

A woman's right to abortion based on the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment.

What was the ruling in Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)?

Overturned a murder conviction because the accused was not warned of his right to remain silent.

What did Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) decide?

Struck down an Ohio law prohibiting advocacy of violence, holding it violated the 1st Amendment's guarantee of free speech.

What did Schenk v. United States (1919) establish?

The "clear and present danger" test, stating that free speech can be limited when it poses a substantive evil.

What was established by Miller v. California (1973)?

A three-part Miller Test to determine when sexually explicit material is obscene and not protected by the 1st Amendment.

What did Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) recognize?

A zone of privacy within marriage, including the right to make decisions about contraception.

What did Mapp v. State of Ohio (1961) establish?

The exclusionary rule at the state level, requiring states to abide by the 4th Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches.

What did Miranda v. Arizona (1966) rule?

Criminal suspects must be informed of their constitutional rights before being interrogated.

What ruling did Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) make?

Students do not lose their 1st Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they enter school property.

What did Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) determine?

Parodies of public figures, even those intending to cause emotional distress, are protected by the 1st and 14th Amendments.

What was concluded in Gitlow v. New York (1925)?

The 1st Amendment's protection of free speech and press applies to the states via the 14th Amendment.

What did Near v. Minnesota (1931) rule regarding prior restraint?

States cannot censor publications in advance as it violates the 1st Amendment.

What was ruled in Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)?

The Privileges and Immunities Clause of the 14th Amendment did not include the right for women to practice a profession.

What was the outcome of University of California v. Bakke (1978)?

Affirmative action in college admissions was constitutional, but the use of strict racial quotas was not.

What did Shaw v. Reno (1993) determine?

Racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 achieve?

Made it a federal crime to prevent qualified persons from voting.

What does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaw?

Discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

What did the Voting Rights Act accomplish?

Outlawed literacy tests and allowed federal oversight of voter registration.

What freedoms are protected by the 1st Amendment?

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition.

What right does the 2nd Amendment protect?

The right to keep and bear arms.

What does the 3rd Amendment prohibit?

Quartering of soldiers.

What does the 4th Amendment protect against?

Unreasonable searches and seizures.

What does the 5th Amendment provide?

Rights in criminal proceedings, due process, eminent domain, double jeopardy, and protection from self-incrimination.

What right is guaranteed by the 6th Amendment?

The right to a speedy trial by jury and representation by an attorney.

What does the 7th Amendment guarantee?

The right to a trial by jury in civil cases.

What protections are provided by the 8th Amendment?

Protection from excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

What does the 9th Amendment state?

Citizens are entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution.

What does the 10th Amendment declare?

Powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the people and the states.

What is the purpose of the 13th Amendment?

To abolish slavery.

What does the 14th Amendment guarantee?

Birthright citizenship, equal protection clause, and incorporation clause.

What right is addressed in the 15th Amendment?

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

What does the 24th Amendment abolish?

Poll taxes.