Crim Final Part 2

Criminal Justice System-police and the rule of law

Police

gatekeepers

Courts

seeking truth

Corrections

carrying out the sentence

Juvenile Justice System

\-separate system since roughly 1900

-delinquents

-juveniles who commit crime

-status offenders

-truants, runaways and incorrigible youth

Laws to regulate CJS

\-procedural law

-controls the actions if people who work in the criminal justice system

-defines the rights of criminal defendants

**Precursors to Police**

earliest forms date back to 9th century

ex. feudal england

pledge system: neighborhood aid, or jail

-hundreds->”constable”

-shires->”shire reeve”: aka “county”

-night watchman

-justice of piece

commonalities: part time, volunteer, patchwork

Early american law enforcement

\-followed the english model

-county sheriff most prominent

-many duties

-paid by a “fee system”

-night watch marshals in some cities

-wild west period->vigilantism

-southern slave patrols->police

Modern Policing, Sir Robert Peel,1829

\-metropolitan london police of 1,000

Officers = bobbies

-distinctive uniforms, military structure-alternative to use of military

-public cooperation over “brute strength”

-absolute impartialness (gain respect)

\-physical force as last resort

20th century political era policing

\-development of police agencies prompted by mob violence

-fear of “underclass” by wealthy

-fear of urban street crime by public

-first police department opened in boston in 1838

-first full time= new york city (1844)

20th century political era police problems

\-police were incompetent, disliked, and corrupt

-appointed by politicians (patronage system)

-muscle for reigning political powers/capitalist elites

-created and/pr used to crush labor strikes

-no job security

-control the rising number of foreign immigrant 

-brutality common (delegated vigilantism)

Professional Era Policing

\-civil service development

-technology

-telegraph boxes, motorcycles, cars, radios, computers, in-dash cameras, body cameras

-more control of uniformed patrol, but less informal interaction with citizen

-reform movements

-august vollmer

-college degrees, better pay, more citizen respect, etc

-police becomes more “respected” institution

Turmoil of the 1960s-70s affect on “Professional” Policing

\-”professional” image takes a beating

-civil rights, vietnam protests, etc

-socially conservative police as “disconnected” from a rapidly changing society

-government reports+science

-police as poorly changed and ineffective 

Community Policing Era

-1980s-2000s= innovation

-get law enforcement back into community

-police as problem solving

-broken windows (1982) and order maintenance

-more technology

-GIS, on-demand statistics

State policing

patrol, trooper

County

sheriff

City

municipal

Federal Law Enforcement examples

department of justice

-U.S. Marshalls

-FBI

-DEA (drug enforcement)

-ATF (alcohol, tobacco and firearms)

-DHS(homeland security-created in 2002)

-USBP (border patrol)

-secret service

-ICE (immigration and customs enforcement)

-TSA (transportation security administration)

FBI

\-the mann act-> investigators to enforce

-investigating “white slavery” in brothels

\->eventually organized as FBI under Hoover

-responsible for investigating all violations of federal laws that aren’t covered by other agencies

-bank robberies

-civil rights violations

-many white collar crimes

mann act 1910:

came about because of transporting sex workers across state lines, lead to creation of fbi

County Law Enforcement

\-sheriff's office

-responsible for policing non city areas

State Police

\-every state but hawaii

-traffic enforcement with separate “BCA”

-full police jurisdiction over non-municipal areas

-power/function of state police depends upon strength pf sheriff's office

Municipal (city) police

-large variation in size

-nyc= 36,000 officers

-average city= <50 officers

-duluth pd = 150 officers + 30 staff

-police departments are typically their own political entity

-**but** chief is appointed by major

Patrol

since beginning, police have “patrolled a beat”

-purpose is to deter crime

-KC preventative patrol

-directed patrols or saturation patrols

Investigation: RAND 1970s

\-Critical= information at crime scene

\-bulk of time is spent on reports

-order maintenance

-service

The national “clearance rate” for homicide today is __%, fifty years ago it was more than 90%

64\.1

why?

\-prosecutor reluctance/standards

\-police-public relations (no snitching)

\-shift of resources towards prevention

Police Functions

\-traffic control

-social work activities

-order maintenance, problem solving 

-james Q wilson “handling the situation”

-the irony is that within police departments, the social work function is considered “bullshit work”

only __% of police time involves “real police work”

20

traditional legalistic model

\-patrol and respond to calls

-still viewed as “real police work” by many agencies and officers

”community oriented policing” (social disorganization theory)

a policy implication of social disorganization theory

-focus on neighborhood and linking together informal control with formal control

-build cohesion, get to know people in neighborhood problems

\-examples

-foot patrols, community “substation”, COP officers assigned to neighborhoods

problem oriented policing (goldstein)

\-herman goldstein coined this term

-similar to C.O.P-> police should “solve problems” in a partially neighborhood

-different= more aggressive

-crime specific “crackdowns”, targeting crime “hot spots”

-focused deterrence (don’t shoot) fits with the style

-open air drug markets, gang violence

broken windows/orders (wilson and kelling)

\-the broken windows thesis

-implication of “broken windows for policing?”

-aggressive order maintenance

-nyc-> zero tolerance

-time square/clean out panhandlers, squeegee men, prostitutes

\
effectiveness of C.O.P programs

some c.o.p. Programs have improved community relations and reduced fear of crime

effectiveness of P.O.P programs

have suppressed/reduced crime in certain locations, ex. dont shoot, boston gun project

order maitenace/broken windows effectiveness

crackdowns have strained community-police relations in some areas

ex. -amadou diallo shooting and other high profile cases (eric garner)

\