More question for exam 3

Fracture along the epiphyseal growth plate-

impair the growth of a long bong, could cause bone to be shorter than normal.

interstitial bone growth-

growth in length of long bone

Appositional-

diameter of long bone gets wider

Intramembranous growth ossification-

what week of development

8th week

Intramembranous growth ossification-

mesenchyme-

embryonic connective tissue → osteoprogenitor cells

Intramembranous growth ossification-

form osteoid-

organic material

Intramembranous growth ossification-

calcification-

layering down ca+2 and phosphorus mineral depiction

Intramembranous growth ossification-

locations of this type of bone-

Flat bones of skull- frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

facial bones- maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, lacrimal

—parts of clavical—

How is bone age determined?

X-ray of hand

chronological age- actual age of child

bone age- age or stage of bone ossification

endochondral ossification-

starts with ___ cartilage model of bone

hyaline

endochondral ossification-

how many weeks?

8-12 weeks

endochondral ossification-

primary ossification center

diaphysis (shaft of long bone)

endochondral ossification-

secondary ossification center

epiphysis (ends of long bones)

endochondral ossification in child-

bone replaces ____ except at ____ and ______

hyaline Cartlidge, articular Cartlidge, epiphyseal plate

endochondral ossification in adult-

_____ ossify to form ____ line

epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line

What happens after contraction over?

1.extra calcium is transported to the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage.

2.ACHE (acetylcholine esterase)- enzyme that breaks down the ‘leftover’ acetylcholine (ACH) (neurotransmitter)

Role of ATP + Ca +2 in rigor mortis

No ATP available- can’t transport the ca+2 back for storage

Ca+2 is stuck - actin+myosin ‘locked’

eventually lysosomes release enzymes

break down microfibrils

muscles will appear to relax

motor unit-

neuron + muscle fibers it innervates

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)-

neuron + muscle fiber make contact

tendon

tissue connecting muscle to bone

transverse T tubules

invaginations in the sarcolemma

actin

thin filaments involved in muscle contraction

muscle fiber

another name for a skeletal muscle cell

triad

2 terminal cisternae and a T tubule

Satellite cells

repair cells for muscles

sarcolemma

plasama membrane of a muscle fiber

sarcomere

unit of muscle contraction

neuromuscular junction

where a motor neuron contacts a skeletal muscle fiber

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

troponin

binds to calcium to move tropomyosin to expose the myosin binding sites on actin

multinucleated

contains many nuclei

aponeurosis

flat sheet of tendon

terminal cisternae

located at the ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum stores Ca+2

myoblast

embryonic muscle cells

tropomyosin

blocks myosin binding sites on actin preventing cross bridge formation which prevent muscle contraction without nervous system input

sarcoplasmic reticulum

similar to endoplasmic reticulum aids in Ca+2 storage

myosin

thick filament involved in muscle contraction

myofibrils

proteins making up muscle fibers

endomysium

connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers

perimysium

connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter released at NJM

structural unit of compact bone tissue

osteon

structural unit of spongey bone

trabecular

importance of a haversian canal

holds blood vessels and nerves

periosteum

covering around bone

yellow bone marrow-

store fat or adipose tissue

increase as age

dotted line on the graph

threshold

line that increases one graph

depolarization- large inflex of Na+2 / sodium

line that decreases on the graph

repolarization - efflux of K+ voltage gated - Na+2 channels close

unit of muscle contraction

sarcomere

Creatine phosphate / phosphagen system-

where it occurs, O2 used?, net ATP produced, duration of activity

In muscle fiber / left over ATP stored in muscles

no O2 used

No ATP produced / leftover ATP

5-6 sec. of ATP available

Glycolysis / Anaerobic respiration

where it occurs, O2 used?, net ATP produced, duration of activity

Cytoplasm of cell

No oxygen used

2 ATP 1 molecule glucose

short bursts of energy

(don’t have oxygen available)

(lactic acid waste product in body)

Aerobic respiration / cellular respiration —-oxidative phosphorylation

where it occurs, O2 used?, net ATP produced, duration of activity

In mitochondria in the cell

Yes O2

34-36 molecules ATP, 1 molecule glucose

sustained activity

(have oxygen available)

What is oxygen debt-

Additional O2 (that the body must take in) required to replace used oxygen - get back to pre-exercise condition (1. myoglobin replenishment 2. lactate needs to go back to live)

Skeletal muscle contraction begins with a ____ neuron stimulating a skeletal muscle at the ____ junction. This cause _____ gated channels to allow Ca+2 into the end of the neuron and bind to the vesicles containing the neurotransmitter ____

motor, Neuromuscular (NMJ), voltage, ACH (acetylcholine)

ACH crosses the ____ cleft and bonds to specific ____ on the _____. This starts an action potential of diffusion of the ____ ion into the cell and the diffusion eventually of _____ out. The RMP of a skeletal muscle fiber is ____mv

synaptic, receptors, sarcolemma, Na+, K+, -90

The action potential causes the release of ____ from storage in the ______ and then it is released into the cytosol. There the ______ binds to a protein on the actin filament call ______ and causes the movement of the protein ____ away from the binding site on which ____(thick filament) and _____ (thin filament) bond.

calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca+2, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin,actin

Cross bridge cycling then causes the shortening of the_____(unit of muscle contraction). This process needs ____

sarcomere, ATP

When the muscle relaxes the ____ has to be pumped back for storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This requires _____. In addition, excess ACH is broken down by the enzyme ____

Ca+2, ATP, ACHE (Acetylcholinesterase)