Year 9 Science B1: Cells IGCSE Biology

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell structure, organization levels, eukaryotic and prokaryotic classification, pathogens, magnification formulas, and practical design.

Eukaryotic Organisms

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protoctists.

Prokaryotic Organisms

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria.

Pathogen

A disease-causing organism or agent, which includes fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses.

Levels of Organisation

The hierarchical structural order of biological systems: $\text{organelles} \rightarrow \text{cells} \rightarrow \text{tissues} \rightarrow \text{organs} \rightarrow \text{organ systems}$.

Formula $I = A \times M$

The formula used to calculate image size ($I$), actual size ($A$), and magnification ($M$).

CORMMSS

A mnemonic framework used to plan a scientific method for an unfamiliar practical investigation.

Nucleus

A cell structure that contains genetic material and controls the cell's activities.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like region within a cell where most chemical reactions take place.

Cell Membrane

A structure that encloses the cell and controls which substances enter and exit.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that provides structure and support.

Mitochondria

Cellular organelles where aerobic respiration occurs to release energy for the cell.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

Ribosomes

Microscopic cellular structures responsible for synthesizing proteins.

Vacuole

A membrane-bound space within plant cells that holds cell sap and helps keep the cell firm.