Patho 4

Prehepatic jaundice

o   Result of excessive destruction of red blood cells

o   Characteristic of hemolytic anemias or transfusion reactions

Prehepatic jaundice labs

Unconjugated bilirubin level elevated in stool

Hep A (HAV)

o   No carrier or chronic state

o   Fecal shedding of virus before onset of signs

o   Acute but self-limiting infection

Hep B (HBV) transmission

Transmission primarily by infected blood

what is Hep C (HCV)

Single-stranded RNA virus

effect of high risk hepatotoxins

inflammation and necrosis of the liver

digestive disorder symptoms (hepatitis, diverticulitis, Crohn's, diverticulosis)

-              Hepatitis: jaundice

-              Diverticulitis: Cramping, tenderness, nausea, vomiting

-              Crohn’s: Progressive inflammation and fibrosis

-              Diverticulosis: Asymptomatic diverticular disease

when does ascites occur

Fluid shifts out of portal circulation into peritoneal cavity

Cause of pruritus in liver disease

Bile salts in the tissues resulting from biliary obstruction

Signs & symptoms of pancreatitis

Abdominal pain and distention, fever, hypovolemia

Cause of celiac disease & ulcerative colitis

Malabsorption syndrome

Filtration pressure and colloid pressure mechanism of action

-              Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

-              Capsular hydrostatic pressure

-              Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Mechanism of action of ADH and effects on CNS

increases thirst, release of ADH

causes of retention

Spinal cord injury at sacral level blocks micturition reflex, may follow anesthesia

causes of low specific gravity

inability of the tubules to concentrate urine

causes of enuresis

Often related to developmental delay, sleep pattern, psychosocial aspect

Types and makeup of urinary calculi

-              Calcium: oxalate and phosphate

-              Magnesium ammonium phosphate: struvite

-              Uric acid: urate

aki labs

elevated BUN and creatinine

hydronephrosis caused by and causes

-              Caused by restricted flow

-       Causes atrophy of the kidney

what is Nephrosclerosis and what does it cause

- Hardening of blood vessels

- Causes ischemia

what is Polycystic kidney disease and what does it cause

• Autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 16

• Causes cysts

Neuroblastoma/ Wilm’s tumor

usually unilateral

Bladder carcinoma symptom

painless hematuria

Renal carcinoma caused by

Working with chemicals in laboratories and industry (aniline dyes, rubber, aluminum)

renin, angiotensin and aldosterone mechanism of action

systemic vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention

Actions of nephrotoxins on the kidney

Swells tubules leading to necrosis

what is Cystitis

Infection due to urinary retention

BPH caused by

estrogen–testosterone imbalance

Urethritis/Epididymitis bacteria

Chlamydia trachomatis

Hydrocele cause

congenital, injury, infection

Ectopic testes

testis positioned outside of scrotum

Hypospadias

urethra on bottom of penis

Diagnostic tests for testicular and prostate cancer

• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

• Prostatic acid phosphatase

Causes of erectile dysfunction, disease and non-diseases

Organic, Hormonal, Anatomical, Psychogenic Drugs

Complications of BPH

cystitis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, kidney damage