AFOM Chapter 8

cervical vertebrae

start at the base of the back of the skull (C1-C7)

thoracic vertebrae

attaches to all ribs (T1-T12)

lumbar vertebrae

lower back (L1-L5)

sacral vertebrae

fused in triangular-shaped bone called the sacrum (S1-S5)

coccyx vertebrae

4 fused vertebrae, tailbone

spinous process of vertebrae

protrudes posteriorly (back); mostly in thoracic vertebrae

transverse process

two; protrudes to the side (laterally)

body of vertebrae

anterior weight bearing region

superior and inferior articular facets

receives the vertebrae below or above it

vertebral foramen

a hole/opening down the middle of vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

bifid spinous process

only found in cervical vertebrae, the spinous process splits into 2 projections

transverse foramen

only found in the cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertabral artery, vein, and nerve

what is the first cervical vertebrae called

atlas

what is the second cervical vertebrae called

axis

dens (odontoid process)

the body of axis (C2)

atlantooccipital joint

the joint between the occipital bone and atlas; nodding the head yes

atlantoaxial joint

articulation between the atlas and axis; shaking the head no (pivot joint)

intervertebral discs

cartilaginous discs that lie on the vertebral bodies, separates vertebrae and act as shock absorbers

nucleus pulposus

inner portion of intervertebral disc, gelatin-type substance

annulus fibrosus

outer portion of intervertebral discs, fibrous

kyphosis

excessive posterior curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back (hunchback), in the thoracic region

lordosis

excessive curvature of the lumbar spine

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine in any section (S-shaped or C-shaped)

sarcum

the innominate bone consisting of three bones: ilium, pubis, ischium

ilium

flat bone; largest bone of the sacrum

pubis

bone of the sacrum that protrudes anteriorly

ischium

bone of the sacrum that protrudes posteriorly or downward

pubic bone

lower anterior part of the sacrum bone

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

a bony projection at the anterior superior end of the iliac crest

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

bony projection of the low back at the posterior superior end of the iliac crest

anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

a bony prominence located just inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine

posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

a bony projection located inferior to the posterior superior iliac spine

crest of the ilium

superior margin of the ilium that extends from anterior to posterior superior iliac spines

ischial tuberosity

rough projection that receives the weight of our body when we are sitting

acetabulum

large socket in the pelvic bone that holds the head of the femur

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

inguinal ligament

ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen

linea alba

a tendinous, fibrous line / seam that runs vertically down the midline of the abdomen

sacroiliac joint

the joint between the sacrum and the ilium

flexion (bilateral contraction)

moving head forward and down; bending down to tie your shoe

extension (bilateral contraction)

bending backwards to look up

lateral flexion (unilateraal contraction)

only one side of the muscle is contracting, bending to the side

rotation (unilateral contraction)

rotate from side to side (only one side is contracting (unilateral))

ipsilateral rotation

rotation to same side of body

contralateral rotation

rotation to the opposite side of the body

anterior side of the cervical region muscles

sternocleidomastoid, prevertebrals and scaleni

origin of sternocleidomastoid

sternum, clavicle

insertion of sternocleidomastoid

mastoid process of the skull

action of sternocleidomastoid

flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

action of the prevertebrals

flexion, rotation

action of the scalene muscles

flexion, lateral flexion, elevate the first 3 ribs

posterior side of the cervical region muscles

rectus, obliques, splenius, levator scapulae, trapezius, rhomboids

action of the rectus muscles

extension, lateral flexion and rotation

action of oblique muscles

extension, lateral flexion and rotation

action of the splenius muscles

extension, lateral flexion and rotation

action of levator scapulae

assist with extension, lateral flexion and rotation

action of trapezius (upper)

assist with extension, lateral flexion and rotation

abdominal muscles (anterior muscles of the thoracic and lumbar regions)

rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominis

origin of rectus abdominis

superior pubis, pubic symphysis

insertion of rectus abdominis

5-7th ribs, xiphoid process of the sternum

action of rectus abdominis

flexion, assist with lateral flexion

origin of internal obliques

iliac crest, inguinal ligament

insertion of internal obliques

9th-12th ribs, linea alba, superior pubis

action of internal obliques

flexion, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

origin of external obliques

last 8 ribs (5-12)

insertion of external obliques

anterior half of iliac crest, line alba, pubis

action of external obliques

flexion, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation

origin of transversus abdominis

lower 6 ribs (7-12), anterior iliac crest, inguinal ligament

insertion of transversus abdominis

pubis, xiphoid process, linea alba

action of transversus abdominis

assist with ipsilateral rotation

action of semispinalis group (dorsi, cervicis, and capitis)

extension of cervical and thoracic region, lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of the cervical region

action of erector spinae

extension, lateral flexion, assist with ipsilateral rotation

action of quadratus lumborum

lateral flexion of the lumbar spine, assist with lumbar extension

multifidus

covers all moveable section of the spine

action of multifidus

extension, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation

movements of the pelvis

a combination of movements of the spinal column and the hip joint

backward tilt

sacrum and coccyx are tucking in (downward) and the ASIS forward (up); belt to the chin

forward tilt

sacrum and coccyx is moving up and ASIS is moving down (sticking butt out)

lateral tilt

the pelvis shifts to the right or left while maintaining a neutral spine, resulting in one side of the pelvis being higher than the other and the opposite hip dropping down

rotation of the pelvis

rotating one ASIS (one the same side) to right or left