Unit 2 Ameyaa Ranjan p8

Acromial: Pertaining to the acromion (point of the shoulder)

Antebrachial: Pertaining to the forearm

Antecubital: Pertaining to the area in front of the elbow

Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front or belly-side of the body

Anteroposterior: Passing from the anterior (front) toward the posterior (back) of the body

Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit

Bilateral: Pertaining to two sides

Brachial: Pertaining to the upper arm

Buccal: Pertaining to the cheek

Calcaneal: Pertaining to the heel bone

Carpal: Pertaining to the wrist

Caudal: Toward the tailbone

Cephalic: Pertaining to the head

toward the head

Cephalocaudal: Pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the head downward to the feet

Cervical: Pertaining to the neck

Coxal: Pertaining to the hip

Cranial: Pertaining to the skull

Crural: Pertaining to the leg

specifically the shin bone

Cubital: Pertaining to the elbow

Deep: More internal

further inside the body

Digital: Pertaining to the fingers or toes

Distal: Situated farther away from the center of the body

the trunk

External: Outer part of the body

Femoral: Pertaining to the thigh

Fibular: Refers to the lateral side of the lower leg

Frontal: Pertaining to the forehead

Genital: Pertaining to the reproductive organs

Gluteal: Pertaining to the buttocks

Inferior: Positioned below or toward the feet

Inguinal: Pertaining to the groin

Internal: Inside the body

Lateral: Farther away from the midline

toward the side of the body

Left: The left-hand side of a person in standard anatomical position

Lumbar: Pertaining to the low back region and the 5 vertebrae between the chest and sacrum

Mammary: Pertaining to the breast region

Medial: Toward the midline

or center

Mental: Pertaining to the chin

Metacarpal: Pertaining to the hand bones

Midline: An imaginary center line splitting the body into right and left halves

Nasal: Pertaining to the nose

Occipital: Pertaining to the back of the head

Olecranal: Pertaining to the olecranon

or the bony tip/pointy part of the elbow

Oral: Pertaining to the mouth

Orbital: Pertaining to the eye or eye socket

Otic: Pertaining to the ear

Palmar: Pertaining to the palm of the hand

Parietal: Pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity

Patellar: Pertaining to the kneecap (patella)

Pectoral: Pertaining to the chest

Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum (the patch of flesh between the penis or vulva and anus)

Plantar: Pertaining to the sole or bottom surface of the foot

Popliteal: Pertaining to the back (hollow) of the knee

Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back or rear side of the body

Posteroanterior: Passing from the posterior (back) toward the anterior (front) of the body

Prone: Lying face down with palms downward

Proximal: Situated nearer to the center of the body

the trunk

Pubic: Refers to the genital region

Right: The right-hand side of a person in standard anatomical position

Sacral: Pertaining to the triangular bone at the base of the spine

Scapular: Pertaining to the scapula

or shoulder blades located on the upper back

Sternal: Pertaining to the sternum (breastbone)

Superficial: Toward the body surface

closer to the skin

Superior: Positioned above or higher than another part of the body

Supine: Lying flat on the back with palms facing upward

Sural: Relating to or located in the calf

Tarsal: Pertaining to the ankle

Thoracic: Pertaining to the chest (thorax)

Umbilical: Pertains to the navel or belly button

Unilateral: Pertaining to one side

Vertebral: Relating to the spine or backbone

Visceral: Pertaining to the internal organs

In anatomy

the body can be cut into three imaginary

The transverse plane

divides the body horizontally into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions. This is also called horizontal plane or axial plane.

The frontal plane divides the body vertically into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.  This is also called the coronal plane.

The sagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left portions.

● The midsagittal plane

or median sagittal plane and right side.

● The parasagittal plane cuts off-center

creating unequal left and right portions.

The oblique plane is an imaginary flat surface that cuts through the body or organ at a slanted angle that is neither horizontal nor vertical.

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the study of body structures.

anterior

anterior refers to the head of the body

Physiology is the study of the functions of those structures.

Pathophysiology is the study of disease.

Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs and body structures. The two main cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavities.

The dorsal cavity protects the organs and tissues within the back side of the body. It is divided into two separate cavities: the cranial and spinal cavities.

● The cranial cavity is located within the skull and protects the brain.

Middle ear cavity is an air-filled space carved into the temporal bone

located between the ear drum and inner ear

Orbital cavity is a cone-shaped bony socket in the skull that houses and protects the eye

Nasal cavity is an air-filled space behind the nose

divided vertically by the nasal septum

Oral cavity is the mouth

bounded by lips

● The spinal cavity is located within the spinal column and protects the spinal cord.

The ventral cavity protects the organs and tissues within the front side of the body. The ventral cavity is divided into three separate cavities: the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

The diaphragm is a large muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; it plays an important role in breathing.

○ The pleural cavity is the space between the outside of the lungs and interior chest wall.

○ The mediastinum is the central compartment of the chest

located between the two lungs major blood vessels, trachea, thymus and nerves

○ The pericardial cavity is the small

fluid-filled space surrounding the heart. This is located within the mediastinum and lies between the layers of the pericardium

pericardium

which is a protective sac around the heart where fluid helps reduce friction as the heart beats.

● The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver