Human Biology and Anatomy Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering human anatomy and physiology, including tissue types, body systems, the circulatory and immune systems, reproduction, and the digestive system.

Cells work together to produce...

Tissues

Tissues work together to produce…

Organs

The process of specialization is called...

Differentiation

All cells have identical DNA, but different jobs because of which genes are...

Activated

Tissue type that can be voluntary or involuntary

muscle

Tissue type that includes endocrine and exocrine glands

Epithelium

Tissue type that includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood

Connective

Tissue type that makes up the wall of the heart

Muscle

Tissue type that detects and responds to stimuli and changes

Nervous

True statements about stem cells:

They can be used in gene therapy, and they can be obtained from the placenta or umbilical cord after birth.

Surface tissue type

Epithelium

Adipose tissue stores fat droplets and provides insulation, protection, and…

Energy storage

The type of muscle tissue in the heart is...

Cardiac muscle tissue

Body system that transports oxygen/carbon dioxide and gets nutrients to the blood

Circulatory system

Body system that communicates via slower, longer messages through chemical hormones

Endocrine system

Body system that communicates via fast, short electro-chemical impulses

Nervous system

Body system composed of glands and hormones

Endocrine system

Body system composed of kidneys, bladder, etc.

Urinary system

Body system that includes the skin

Integumentary system

Body system whose job is defense through immunity

Lymphatic system

Body system whose job is digestion/absorption of nutrients and excretion of solid waste

Digestive system

Location where blood is formed

bone marrow

The circuit in which blood flows through the body

systemic

The circuit in which blood flows to and from the lungs

pulmonary

Any term for a tube through which blood flows

vessel

The driving force for blood circulation is ____.

contraction of the ventricles

Blood pressure is lowest when ventricles are _____; this is known as _____.

fully relaxed; diastolic pressure

A blood vessel in which oxygen-rich blood flows AWAY the heart in order to drop off oxygen to the body cells

Artery

Flap of (internal) skin that only allows for blood to flow in a particular direction

Valve

A blood vessel in which oxygen-depleted blood flows back TOWARD the heart in order to drop off carbon dioxide and get more oxygen

Pacemaker of the heart that sends a signs to tell the cardiac (heart) muscle to contract

Sino-atrial (SA) node

Disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to (and carbon dioxide away from) body cells

red blood cells

Defend against anything your body sees as "non-self"

white blood cells

Bits of cytoplasm that allow for blood to clot after an injury

platelets

Fluid portion containing nutrients, wastes, signaling proteins, etc. and whose job is to transport other blood components

plasma

Another name for a white blood cell

Leukocyte

Mostly water, this functions as the medium through which white blood cells and platelets are transported through the body.

plasma

These patrol tissues where they get rid of damaged or dead cells and anything recognized as foreign to the body.

White blood cells

These release substances that start the process of blood clotting

Platelets

On average, this is the volume of blood contained in an adult human.

4-6 quarts

This is an iron-containing pigment that gives red blood cells their color.

Hemoglobin

Choose the answer that is NOT true of the heart.

Is part of an open circulatory system in humans

Blood clot in the brain

stroke

Chronically high blood pressure

hypertension

Genetic order that impairs clotting so leads to impaired bleeding

hemophilia

An artery is narrowed due to lipid build-up and inflammation

atherosclerosis

Erythrocytes may be in short supply or abnormally formed; symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and chills

Anemia

Which word best describes any molecule or particle (living OR non-living) that the immune system does not recognize as self?

antigen

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs:Skin

barriers

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs: inflammation,

innate

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs: B cells,

adaptive

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs: lymph nodes,

innate

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs: cytotoxic T cells,

adaptive

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs: urine,

barriers

For each immune response below, identity to which of the 3 lines of defense that response belongs: lysozymes in tears skin:

barriers

Which is the only line of defense that fights against a specific non-self entity?

adaptive immunity

For cell-mediated immunity to be called upon, the pathogen must be

inside the cell

Which is NOT a feature of adaptive immunity?

Accommodation

Which of the body’s defenses increases the rate of metabolism, tissue repair, and formation and activity of phagocytic cells?

fever

According to the lesson in this class, at what body temperature should immediate medical help be sought?

(in degrees Fahrenheit) 105

Which are examples of active immunization? Which are examples of passive immunization? Tetanus shot:

passive;

Which are examples of active immunization? Which are examples of passive immunization? Chicken pox vaccine:

active;

Which are examples of active immunization? Which are examples of passive immunization? Flu shot:

active;

Which are examples of active immunization? Which are examples of passive immunization? Snake bite antidote:

passive;

Which are examples of active immunization? Which are examples of passive immunization? Ebola virus treatment:

passive

In human, fertilization usually occurs in the:

oviduct

Choose the one statement that does NOT accompany ovulation.

the uterine wall contracts to form cramps

A male has an erection when:

spongy tissue inside the penis fills with blood

After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes

progesterone

The scrotum in a male is analogous to what female structure?

labia

Find the correct definition or function for the prostate gland:

adds fluid to sperm in semen

Find the correct definition or function for the mammary gland:

secretes milk

Find the correct definition or function for the testis:

produces testosterone

Find the correct definition or function for the placenta:

maternal and fetal tissues

Find the correct definition or function for the oviduct:

conveys egg to uterus

Find the correct definition or function for the vagina:

birth canal

Find the correct definition or function for the ovary:

produces estrogen and progesterone

Find the correct definition or function for the vas deferens:

conveys sperm toward urethra

Find the correct definition or function for the oviduct (female body part):

usual site of fertilization

Find the correct definition or function for the clitoris:

Highly sensitive erectile organ

Find the correct definition or function for the uterus:

includes myometrium and endometrium

Find the correct definition or function for the ovary (female body part):

one of two female gonads

Find the correct definition or function for the cervix:

lower portion of uterus, secretes mucus into vagina

Find the correct definition or function for the oocyte:

immature egg

Find the correct definition or function of the testis (male organ):

packed with small, sperm-producing tubes

Find the correct definition or function of semen:

sperm mixed with fluid secreted by exocrine glands

Find the correct definition or function of the prostate gland (male organ):

exocrine gland that encircles a male's urethra

Find the correct definition or function of the urethra:

dual function of excreting semen or urine

Find the correct definition or function of the epididymis:

site of sperm maturation and storage

Find the correct definition or function of the scrotum:

pouch that holds the testes

What does the uterus contain that secures the baby or is expelled during a monthly period?

contains endometrium (blood and tissue) that secures the baby to the uterus or is expelled during a monthly period

What is the channel through which an egg travels after its release, and what is its role in fertilization?

channel through which a egg travels after its release; usual site of fertilization

What is the primary function of the ovary in terms of egg release?

organ that releases an egg

Which gland produces testosterone, progesterone, and estrogens?

Gonads (Testes for males; Ovaries for females)

Which gland produces FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)?

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Which structure produces GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)?

Hypothalamus

After ovulation, what hormone does the corpus luteum secrete that is necessary for a pregnancy to continue?

progesterone

What is Step 1 of the ovarian cycle?

An ovarian follicle begins to mature. The primary oocyte enlarges & secretes proteins, & follicle cells around it divide.

What forms in the follicle's cell layer during Step 2 of the ovarian cycle?

A fluid-filled cavity begins to form in the follicle’s cell layer.