Pathophysiology: Exam Two - Homework

What type of injury typically occurs directly under the site of impact after a forceful blow to the head?

Coup

A nurse is explaining why activation of descending pain-modulation pathways can decrease the client's perception of pain. Which mechanism should the nurse describe?

Endogenous opioids bind to opioid receptors and inhibit nociceptive neurotransmission.

A patient asks how the brain becomes consciously aware of a painful stimulus. Which explanation by the nurse is most accurate?

Third-order neurons carry sensory information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.

Mutations in which of the following genes located on the short arm of the X chromosome can result in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Dystrophin

Which hypothesis states that the brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes reciprocally adjust to maintain a normal intracranial pressure?

Monro-Kellie hypothesis

In individuals with Alzheimer's disease, a destruction of neurons in the cerebral cortex occurs due to the deposition of defective tau proteins that wind around each other in the cytoplasm to form:

Neurofibrillary tangles

What term is used to describe the maximum intensity or duration of pain that someone is willing or able to endure before seeking relief?

Pain tolerance

What is the technical term for a bruise on the surface of the brain or a laceration of brain tissue?

Contusion

Patches of demyelination and scar tissue that appear as well-demarcated gray regions in the brains of people with multiple sclerosis are known as:

Plaques

Decorticate posturing, typically indicating damage to the cerebral hemispheres or thalamus, is characterized by:

Involuntary flexion of the arms

A client with significantly increased intracranial pressure develops progressive loss of consciousness followed by decorticate posturing. Which type of brain herniation is most consistent with these findings?

Central herniation

A nurse asks a client to identify an object placed in their hand without looking at it. The client can feel the object's texture, shape, and size but is unable to recognize what the object is. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?

Somatosensory association cortex

The destruction of functional acetylcholine receptors in the endplate regions of muscle fibers by autoantibodies is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism in:

Myasthenia gravis

What type of axons in the first-order neurons are myelinated, and relay pain impulses quickly from the nociceptors to the spinal cord?

A-delta fibers

A client has sustained damage to the reticular formation of the brainstem. Which finding would the nurse anticipate?

Difficulty maintaining consciousness and arousal

A client asks why a medication that blocks CGRP may help prevent migraine attacks. Which response by the nurse is most accurate?

"CGRP is involved in trigeminal pain signaling and can contribute to vasodilation and sensitization during migraine."

Ms. B, a 46-year-old woman, suffered extensive damage in the cervical segments of her spinal cord in a car accident. She has lost motor function in her arms, trunk, pelvic organs, and legs. What is this condition called?

Tetraplegia

What is the medical term for increased pain sensation in an injured area or in the surrounding uninjured area?

Hyperalgesia

What type of intracranial hematoma develops between the inner side of the skull and the dura mater?

Epidural

Which anatomical structure involves a sequence of many neurons that send branches to the reticular formation in the brainstem as they ascend, resulting in a slower transmission of sensory information from the site of injury to the cerebral cortex?

Paleospinothalamic tract

A client experiences a cerebral ischemic stroke. The nurse understands that excitotoxicity can contribute to neuronal injury. Which mechanism best explains excitotoxicity?

Excessive glutamate stimulates NMDA and AMPA receptors, causing excessive calcium influx.

A client is diagnosed with a condition caused by the binding of antibodies (IgG and IgM) to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cellular destruction. The nurse understands this process is the primary mechanism of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

A 5-year-old child is experiencing itchy, watery eyes and an increased respiratory rate with some inspiratory wheezes. He has been outside playing in the yard and trees. The mother asks, "Why does he get like this?" The health care worker's best response is:

"This is what we call a type I hypersensitivity reaction and usually occurs a few minutes after exposure to his allergen. It is primarily caused by mast cells in his body."

A teenager presents to the clinic with an infected wound from a bike accident. He asks, "How does my body fight of the germs in my scraped arm?". Which is the nurse's best response? "The cells that plays the central role related to the innate immune response to an infectious microorganism are:

Neutrophils

A nurse is reviewing a client's chart and notes that the client has a condition caused by the deposition of insoluble antigen-antibody complexes in tissues causing vasculitis. The nurse understands this is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission, which of the following assessment findings would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

Redness and edema at the injured site

A nurse is caring for a patient with an inflammatory response. The nurse understands that a key event in the vascular phase is vasodilation, which leads to hyperemia. What is the primary purpose of hyperemia in this process?

To increase blood flow to the injured site, bringing essential cells and proteins

A client has sought care because of recent malaise and high fever. Upon assessment, the client states that his current fever began 2 weeks earlier. He states that for the last 2 weeks he is in a cycle of high fever the evening, followed by a normal temperature in the morning. Which of the following fever patterns is this client experiencing?

Intermittent fever

A child's thymus gland is fully formed and proportionately larger than an adult's. Which of the following processes that contributes to immunity takes place in the thymus gland?

Proliferation of T cells

A nurse is caring for a client experiencing an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. The nurse recognizes that this type of reaction is an example of which hypersensitivity response?

Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reaction

A nurse is reviewing the lab results for a client with HIV. The nurse understands that the client's condition has progressed from HIV to AIDS when which of the following is noted?

The CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is less than 200 cells/mm³ or an AIDS-defining illness is present.

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), are markers on all nucleated cells and have an important role in:

Avoiding transplant rejections

A child has experienced a "bee-sting" while at the park. The health care provider is walking by and notices the child has swelling around the eyes, lips, and face in general. What priority assessment should the nurse make at this time?

Assess and establish an open airway.

A client who received a bone marrow transplant 30 days ago develops a rash on their palms and soles, watery diarrhea, and jaundice. The nurse recognizes these clinical manifestations are most indicative of which complication?

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A nurse is caring for a client who is two months post-kidney transplant. The client reports fever, tenderness over the transplant site and decreased urination. The nurse recognizes these symptoms are most consistent with which type of rejection?

Acute rejection

A patient suffered a serious burn. The nurse recognizes that the healing process, which involves the replacement of damaged tissue with functional cells, is known as:

Regeneration

A nurse is caring for a patient with a minor abrasion. The nurse knows that this type of injury will likely heal by resolution. What characteristic of this healing process would the nurse anticipate?

The complete return of the tissue to its original structure and function

A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful "hang nail" on the index finger. There is a large pustule over the site that needs to be lanced. The health care worker knows that which primary mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and pain?

Bradykinin

A nurse is providing education to the family of a client who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The nurse should explain that graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs when which of the following happens?

T-lymphocytes from the donated graft recognize the recipient's tissues as foreign and initiate an immune attack

What is the most common form of dementia

Alzheimer’s