Final For Beh Modification - Psychology

Awareness Training

A component of the habit reversal procedure in which the person is taught to identify each instance of a particular habit behavior as it occurs.

This is an example of Awareness Traning

Ex: Maya bites her nails. Her therapist has her describe the movement step by step, then she holds up a finger or marks a card every time she catches herself doing it, and lists the situations where it happens.

What is a backup reinforcer?

The reward you receive after exchanging the tokens you earned.

This is an example of Backup Reinforcer

A child exchanges 5 stickers for a trip to the playground.

What is a token?

Something you earn for performing a desirable behavior that can later be exchanged for a reward.

What is a good example for a Token?

A child earns one sticker every time they clean up their toys.

Behavior Contract

A written agreement between two people that explains the expected behavior and the rewards or consequences for following or not following it.

What is a token economy?

A system where you earn tokens for desirable behaviors and exchange them for rewards.

What is a good example of a token economy?

A parent gives their child stickers for cleaning their room, brushing their teeth, and putting away toys. After earning 5 stickers, the child can exchange them for a trip to the playground.

This is an example of Behavior Contract

Ex: Jake picks at his skin. He and his parents sign an agreement that says what the habit is, how it will be tracked, and what he earns (extra game time) if the weekly count drops.

Habit Behavior

A repetitive behavior in one of three categories: nervous habits, tics, and stuttering.

This is an example of Habit Behavior

Ex: nail biting (nervous habit), repeated eye blinking (tic), repeating the first sound of words (stuttering).

Habit Reversal

A treatment that helps people stop unwanted habits by recognizing when they do them and learning a different behavior to replace them. It also uses support and motivation to help them change.

This is an example of habit reversal

Ex: Sam twirls his hair. He learns to notice each time he does it, holds a pencil when he feels the urge, and has a friend who encourages him and a reward plan to keep him motivated.

Habit Disorder

A repetitive behavior that is irritating to the person. Habit disorders include nervous habits, motor tics, and vocal tics.

This is an example of Habit Disorder

Ex: Priya's constant throat clearing annoys her and distracts her in meetings. Chronic hair pulling that bothers the person is another example.

Nervous Habits

Repeated behaviors that happen over and over, like nail biting and hair twirling.

This is an example of Nervous Habits

Ex: nail biting, hair twirling, thumb sucking, knuckle cracking, lip biting, pen chewing.

Motor Tics

Repetitive, jerking movements of a particular muscle group in the body.

This is an example of motor tics

Ex: a sudden shoulder shrug, rapid eye blinking, a head jerk, a facial grimace.

Vocal Tics

A repetitive vocal sound or word an individual utters that does not serve any communicative function.

This is an example of vocal tics

Ex: repeated throat clearing, sniffing, grunting, or blurting the same word that isn't part of what the person is saying.

Social Support

Having someone watching over you and keeping you accountable for a behavior contract that is put in place. It is a component of the habit reversal procedure.

This is an example of Social Support

Ex: Dana's roommate reminds her to use her competing response and praises her when she does, and checks in on her behavior contract.

Tourette's Syndrome

A tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tics that have occurred for at least 1 year.

This is an example of Tourette Syndrome

Ex: a teen who for over a year has shown head jerks and eye blinking (motor tics) plus throat clearing and grunting (vocal tics).

Stuttering

A speech disfluency in which the individual repeats words or syllables, prolongs a word sound, and/or blocks on a word (makes no sound for a period of time when trying to say a word).

This is an example of stuttering

Ex: "I w-w-want a drink" (repeating), "ssssoup" (prolonging), or opening the mouth to say "doctor" with no sound for a few seconds (a block).

Motivation Strategy

Part of the habit reversal procedure used to increase the likelihood that the client will use the competing response outside the treatment sessions to control the habit.

This is an example of motivation strategy

Ex: someone with a nail-biting habit writes a list of the problems it causes (habit inconvenience review), tells friends about the goal (social support), and shares progress publicly (public display).

Competing Behavior

A behavior that is physically incompatible with the habit, so you can't do both at once.

This is an example of competing Behavior

Ex: for nail biting, clasp hands together or press fingers flat against a table for a minute. For a head-jerk tic, gently tense the neck muscles and press the chin down.

Competing Response Training

A method where a person learns to do a different action whenever they feel the urge to do a habit or catch themselves doing it.

This is an example of Competing Response Training

Ex: in a session, the therapist cues the urge ("imagine you feel it") and the client practices the response for 1 to 3 minutes until it becomes automatic.

Short Circuit Contingency

You have a goal, then you get a reward, but you don't reach the goal, yet you still get the reward. You either did it or you did not.

This is an example of Short Circuit Contingency

Ex: a student is supposed to finish homework to earn video game time, but gets to play video games even though they did not finish.

Regulated Breathing

The competing response that is used in the habit reversal treatment for stuttering.

This is an example of Regulated Breathing

Ex: when about to speak, the person takes a slow breath in, then speaks while breathing out gently at a steady pace.

In a self-management project, the behavior you want to change is called the?

Controlled behavior (Change)

The strategies you use to change your own behavior are called?

Controlling Behavior

Deciding and writing down what you want to achieve is called?

Goal-setting

Talking to yourself to help guide your actions is called?

Self-instruction

Using strategies to change your own behavior is called?

Self-management

Saying positive things to yourself after doing something well is called?

Self-praise

Teaching a new behavior by rewarding small steps toward the final behavior is called?

Shaping

Rewarding a desirable behavior while not rewarding other behaviors is called?

Differential reinforcement

Each small step that gets closer to the final desired behavior is called?

Successive approximation

Maya wants to stop scrolling her phone for hours at night. Her nighttime scrolling is an example of:

This is an example of Controlled behavior

Jordan writes on a sticky note, "No phone in bed for 7 nights in a row," and puts it on his mirror. This is:

This is an example of Goal Setting

To stop her scrolling, Maya charges her phone across the room before bed. The charging spot is an example of:

This is an example of Controlling Behavior

Standing at the gym door when she doesn't feel like going, Priya tells herself, "Just put your shoes on and walk in." This is:

This is an example of self instruction

Marcus wants to save money, so he tracks his spending in an app, sets a weekly limit, and deletes his shopping apps. Together, these strategies are:

This is an example of Self Management

After finishing a hard workout, Aisha thinks, "Nice job, I stuck with it even though I was tired." This is:

This is an example of self praise

Carlos wants to become a runner. He rewards himself for putting on running shoes, then for a 5-minute jog, then for a mile, until he can run 5 miles. This is:

This is an example of shaping

Mrs. Lee gives her toddler, Noah, attention when he asks nicely for a snack, but ignores him when he whines for it. This is:

This is an example of Differential reinforcement

Teaching her dog Biscuit to roll over, Emma rewards lying down, then rolling onto his side, then a half roll, then the full roll. Rewarding the half roll is best described as one:

This is an example of Successive approximation (one step)

What is Anxiety?

A conditioned physiological response involving autonomic arousal (rapid heartbeat, breathing, and muscle tension) that increases the likelihood of escape or avoidance behaviors.

What is a Ruminations?

is when a person repeatedly thinks about the same thoughts, problems, mistakes, or negative experiences without finding a solution.

What is attention focusing exercises?

Taking your attention away from something stressful and focusing on something pleasant or neutral.

What is behavioral relaxation training?

A relaxation technique that involves positioning the body’s major muscle groups in a relaxed posture to reduce physical tension and promote relaxation.

What is contact desensitization?

A form of in vivo desensitization where a therapist provides reassuring physical contact as the client gradually confronts feared situations.

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

slow, controlled, rhythmic breathing using the diaphragm to draw air deep into the lungs and reduce anxiety.

What is fear?

An emotional and physiological response to a threatening stimulus that activates the autonomic nervous system and triggers escape or avoidance behaviors.

What is flooding?

A behavioral technique involving prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus at full intensity until anxiety decreases.

What is hierarchy?

A structured ranking of feared situations from least to most anxiety-provoking, used in desensitization to gradually reduce fear.

What is in vivo desensitization?

A behavioral treatment that gradually exposes an individual to real-life feared situations, from least to most frightening, while using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.

What is a phobia?

A fear in which the level anxiety or escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt the persons life.

What is the progressive muscle relaxation?

Tightening and then relaxing different muscle groups to reduce tension.

What is relaxation traning?

Putting your body in a comfortable, relaxed position to reduce tension without tightening your muscles first.

What is systematic desensitization?

A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation techniques while gradually imagining feared situations, from least to most frightening, to replace anxiety with relaxation.

What is a one party contract?

A behavioral contract where one person agrees to change a behavior, and another person manages the rewards or consequences.

What is a parallel Contract?

A contract in which two people agree to change their own behavior, but each person's rewards are independent of the other's behavior. They are seperate.

What is a quid pro quo contract?

A contract where two people agree to change their behaviors in exchange for the other person changing theirs.

You do this and I will do that

What is a rule governed behavior ?

Behavior that is influenced by a verbal or written rule explaining what will happen if you perform a certain behavior.

What is a two party contract?

TWO people agree to change their behaviors and set consequences.

Both have change

What is a good example of a two party contract?

You and your roommate sign an agreement describing what each person must clean and what happens if either person doesn't follow through.

What is cognitive behavior?

Mental activities that happen in your mind, such as thinking, imagining, remembering, or talking to yourself.

What is cognitive behavior modification?

A technique used to help people change negative thoughts and replace them with more positive or helpful thoughts.

What is cognitive coping skills?

Learning helpful things to tell yourself during difficult situations. Using posistive talk

What is a cognitive distortions?

Thinking about something in an inaccurate or overly negative way.

What is cognitive restructing?

A technique that helps people identify negative or distressing thoughts and replace them with more realistic and helpful thoughts.

What is cognitive therapy?

A type of therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change distorted or negative thoughts into more realistic and helpful ones.

What is self-instructional training?

Talking yourself through the steps of a task to guide your actions.