AP Biology Unit 2 Summative

what are cells

smallest unit of life

what are eukaryotic cells

bigger, dna found in nucleus, dna is linear

kingdoms with eukaryotic cells

plants, animals, protists, fungi

what are prokaryotic cells

smaller, dna is free floating, dna is circular

kingdoms with prokaryotic cells

eubacteria and archea

what effect does cell size have

smaller cells are more efficient

what type of number of SA:VOL ratio is associated with smaller sized cells

large number for ratio

what do microscopes look at

structure

what does fractionation look at

function of organelles

what three main structures are found in cells

genetic, endomembrane, energy

describe the genetic structures in cells

nucleus stores dna, nucleolus is inside the nucleus and creates RNA

what are the parts of the endomembrane system

nuclear membrane, ribosomes, ER, golgi, lysosome, vesicle, vacuole

describe the different types of energy structures in the cell

mitochondria produces ATP, chloroplast is used for photosynthesis and breaking down sugar, peroxisome breaks down H2O2

what is flagella and cilia used for

movement, not found in all cells

active transport

requires energy, low conc. to high conc., pumps/carrier proteins, build membrane potential, phosphorylation

passive transport

does not require energy, high conc. to low conc., channel proteins, through phospholipid bilayer

what are the two types of pumps

sodium-potassium pump, proton pump (used for hydrogen ions)

what is cholesterol used for in the cell membrane

flexibility

what effect does pressure have on water potential

raises water potential

what happens what concentration of solute decreases

water potential increases