posc 200 exam 2 - rutherford terms to know

Functionalist Theory

- different countries working together for the growth of specialized technical organizations across national borders

Neo- functionalism

- political cooperation/ government

- Neo-functionalism is the idea that countries will gradually deepen their cooperation in certain areas (like trade, economy, security, or environment) because of practical needs and the spillover effect.

- spillover means: "Spillover" means that when countries cooperate on one issue, it creates a need to cooperate on other related issues.

Integration Theory

- refers to the process by which supranational institutions replace national ones - the gradual shifting upward of some sovereignty from state to regional + global structures

- modest examples:

wto, opec

Supranational

- large organizations that subsume a number of states and functions with a larger whole

John Glenn

1st person to circle the world

The treaty of rome

- The Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, in Rome, Italy, by six countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

- It created the European Economic Community (EEC), which later evolved into what we know today as the European Union (EU).

The maastricht theory

- The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992 in the Dutch city of Maastricht, created the European Union and laid down the foundation for a closer union between European countries. It formally established the EU and introduced significant changes to how the EU operates.

European Union, and its challenges and the monetary union

- The European Union (EU) is a group of 27 countries in Europe that work together on trade, laws, and economics to make Europe stronger.

- The Monetary Union uses the euro as the common currency for 19 countries to help with trade and economic stability.

- Challenges the EU faces include economic differences, Brexit, political disagreements, migration issues, and financial crises.

The digital divide

The digital divide refers to the gap between people who have access to modern technology (like the internet, computers, and smartphones) and those who don't. It creates a difference in opportunities for things like:

- Education

- Healthcare

- Jobs

- Information

Information as a tool of governments

Governments use information as a powerful tool to control, influence, and shape public opinion, policy, and even other countries. They control what people see, hear, and know to:

- Maintain control over their citizens

- Strengthen their political power

- Influence global perceptions

information as a tool against governments

In global politics, information (like news, social media, or leaked documents) can be used to challenge, expose, or criticize governments.

This means people or groups can use facts, news, or stories to push back against governments that are:

- Corrupt

- Unjust

- Abusive

irony of international integration

- International integration means that countries and nations work together more closely—through things like:

- Trade agreements

-Shared policies

- International organizations (like the UN, EU, or WTO)

The idea is that working together makes the world more connected and cooperative.

Euro

european currency

CNN effect

- if something was not covered on CNN it did not happen/ or was not considered legit

Mission Creep

- feed the people, stabilize, have elections, judges

Operation Restore Hope

- "get the food through to the starving people"

- United Nations-backed mission, led by the United States, to help Somalia in 1992-1993.

Somalia was in the middle of a civil war, and millions were starving because warlords were stealing food aid and blocking help.

Force Protection

Force protection means keeping soldiers and military personnel safe when they are working in dangerous places, especially overseas.

Operation Gothic Serpent

Operation Gothic Serpent was a U.S. military mission in Somalia in 1993.The goal was to capture a powerful Somali warlord named Mohamed Farrah Aidid, who was attacking peacekeepers and civilians.

Somalia Syndrome

- Somalia Syndrome is when countries hold back from helping in global conflicts because of the fear, failure, and trauma of past missions—especially what happened in Somalia in 1993.

- what happened in somalia was In 1992-1993, the U.S. sent troops to help stop hunger and violence in Somalia (a country in East Africa).

But things went wrong: there was a battle in Mogadishu (the capital), and 18 U.S. soldiers were killed, some in a very public and violent way.

The mission ended early and was seen as a failure.

Operation Uphold Democracy

- Operation Uphold Democracy was a military mission led by the United States (with help from the UN and other countries) to help restore democracy in Haiti in 1994.

- president aristide was overthrown by the military, It was peaceful, backed by the UN, and showed how global politics can respond to a crisis using both diplomacy and military presence.

Infectious diseases

- disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

- animal/ person to person exchange

-ex: covid, sars, influenza

Noncommunicable diseases

- a non - infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person (lasts for a long period of time)

Auto accidents

- #1 cause of death for ages 15 - 29

Ebola

Virus Disease

- kills 25% - 90% effected

- spreads from bats, monkeys, etc

Coronavirus origin possibilites

1 - a bat carrying the virus infected a human

2 - a bat bit an animal and someone ate that animal/ it spread

3 - a lab in Hunan

Medias role in global health

- helps the spread of information:

it pressures governments, raises awareness, educates the public, exposes injustice, media and global health = power to influence

What vegetable does a cluster munition resemble?

- green peas

What is the main humanitarian problem with the use of clusters?

- high percentage rate of clusters that fail to blow up

- 5% malfunction rate

Fatal Footprint

-The Fatal Footprint is a way to measure the human cost of using weapons—especially things like landmines and cluster munitions.

-It looks at how many people are killed or hurt, and how long the danger lasts—even after a war ends.

Boomerang Effect

- In global politics, the boomerang effect happens when a government ignores or abuses the rights of its own people, and local groups can't stop it—so they reach out to the international community for help.

- That outside pressure then comes back around and forces the government to change. Like throwing a boomerang—it goes out and comes back with force.

The poor and cluster munitions

Cluster munitions are bombs that break open in the air and spread many smaller bombs (called bomblets) over a wide area.

Some of those small bomblets don't explode right away and stay dangerous—like hidden landmines.

ICBL - International Campaign to Band Landmines

The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a global group of organizations working together to stop the use of landmines and help people affected by them.

Legal definition of a landmine

an explosive device that can be set off by the innocent act of a civilian

The three unlawful weapons and means of attack legal rules (name them)

1- indiscriminate ( weapons are illegal)

2- proportionality - disproportionate attacks are illegal

3- unnecessary suffering - civilian causalities/ they should'nt be suffering

1980 convention on conventional weapons - landmines protocol

The Landmines Protocol is one part of the CCW. It's officially called Protocol II (with an updated version in 1996).

- treaty that banned landmines was signed in 1997

The Human development index

The HDI is a number used to measure how well people are living in different countries. It looks at three main things:

- Health - How long people live (measured by life expectancy).

- Education - How educated people are (measured by years of schooling).

- Standard of living - How much money people earn on average (measured by income).

Each country gets a score between 0 and 1.

Closer to 1 = better living conditions.

Closer to 0 = worse living conditions.

Sustainable Development Goals

are like a global to-do list created by the United Nations to make the world a better place by 2030. There are 17 goals.

- (4) mentioned in lecture

1- healthcare

2- safe water

3- sanitation

4- shelter

Basic Human Needs

- must be met to put economic growth on a firm foundation

- food, water, shelter, clothing, health care, education, safety

The most important factor keeping these people in poverty (from lecture)

as mentioned in lecture

- civil war

- corruption

- the resource curse (oil)

- landlocked locations without readily access to trade

- world hunger

Remittances

Remittances are money that people send to their families or friends in another country (country of irign), usually from where they work.

Global South

- The Global South refers to countries that are generally poorer, less developed, or still developing—mostly found in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Oceania.

- It's not about being "south" on a map (some are actually in the north!), but more about economic and social conditions.

Global North

Richer, more developed countries, like the U.S., Canada, Europe, Japan, and Australia.

Pro - globalization

Being pro-globalization means supporting the idea that countries should connect and

Anti - globalization

Being anti-globalization means being against or critical of the way countries and businesses are becoming more connected—especially when it hurts local people, cultures, or the environment.

Population movement categories

migrants, refugees, remittances

urbanization

movement from rural areas to the city ( searching for economic opportunity)

migration

- meaning from poorer or richer states, often illegally

refugees

- meaning fleeing to find refugee from war, natural disaster, or political prosecution

- international norms obligate countries to accept refugees

types of migrants

- regional migrants, seasonal migrants, transit migration, forced or induced migration, return migration

causes of migration

push & pull factors

push factors (of migration)

- bad governance

- forced settlement programs

- high levels of violence

- endemic political instability

- rapid population growth

- high unemployment rates

- lack of cultural opportunities

- natural disasters

- poverty

pull factors ( of migration)

- economic opportunities

- higher wages

- political and cultural freedom + stability

- a comparatively healthy environment

- family reunification

Rana Plaza Disaster

April 2013, 8 story building collasped

- The disaster brought attention to how unsafe many factories were, especially in countries like Bangladesh, where many clothing companies make their products

- extremely unsafe working conditions

Ways fast fashion pollutes the environment

- water pollution

- microplastic pollution

- waste

- carbon emissions

- deforestation

- toxic chemicals

- overproduction

- fast production

- leather pollution

How does geography cause global inequality

- geography affects a country's resources, climate, location, and vulnerability to disasters, all of which can create or worsen inequalities between countries. These geographic factors, combined with historical factors like colonization, can make it harder for some countries to develop economically, leading to global inequality.

Opium trade and tomatoes

- mostly produced from india and afghanistan

- the talibans #1 form of income = selling opium in afghan

-this relates because opium is easy to transport and grows easily/ farms easily so people are more likely to want to grow and sell opium because it is easier then tomatoes and sells for more money

Does global inequality matter politically?

- limits political participation

- prevents proper functioning of impartial institutions

- enables the wealthy to refuse compromise

- lack of transparency

Where is the dumping group for fast fashion as mentioned in the article?

-

4 tigers (economic tigers)

1) south korea

2) taiwan

3) hong kong

4) singapore

GDP

Gross Domestic Product -

GDP is the total value of all the goods and services a country produces in a year.

import substitution

Import substitution means a country tries to make goods at home instead of buying them from other countries.

south korea (1 of 4 tigers)

specializes in cars, electronics, telecommunication, shipbuilding, steel, and chemicals

singapore ( 2 of 4 tigers)

specializes in manufacturing, including chemicals, logistics, electronics, biomedical sciences, and transport engineering

taiwan (3 of 4 tigers)

specializes in semiconductors (computers, phone chips, finances)

Hong kong (4 of 4 tigers)

specializes in financial services, tourism, trading / logistics, professional + producer services

china - things mentioned in lecture

1945 - 1970s: 1.4 billion people

- worlds fastest growing economy since the 1990s

1980s - 2020s institution of economic reforms

- free economic zones

- foreign investment zones were flooded ( b/c educated population)

- in 2010 became worlds largest exporter

tianemen square massacre (1989)

students peacefully protested for freedom, less government corruption, political reform

- was the end of political liberation in china

economic development

- capital accumulation

- rising per capita incomes

- increasing of population

- new technologies