bio 101 chapter 7

viruses

infectious particles enclosed in a protein coat

capsid

protein coat (little proteins)

factors of viruses

smaller than prokaryotes and eukaryotes, able to take over a host using its DNA or RNA, considered non-living

viruses have receptors that must ___

bind to the host cell for attachment and entry

a virus that has a dormancy phase is able to ___

integrate the genome of the virus into the host cell chromosome

retrovirus

starts with RNA, then goes to DNA

DNA going to RNA is called

transcription

RNA going to protein is called

translation

how do viruses hijack the host cell so they can reproduce

DNA or RNA

DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

where is DNA found

in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

in what form is DNA found in the nucleus

chromosome form

karyotype

picture of condensed chromosomes

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

23 pairs

XX

female

XY

male

autosomes

pairs 1-22

sex chromosomes

pair 23

what are the 4 nucleotides that DNA has

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

what do nucleotides consist of

sugar, phosphate, base

adenine is matched with

thymine

cytosine is matched with

guanine

double helix

two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form a spiral-shape

what do sugars and phosphate form

the outside backbone

what do bases form

internal rungs

5’ AGTCTACGG 3’

3’ TCAGATGCC 5’

DNA replication

begins at specific sites on the double helix (origin of replication) - there could be multiple

semi conservative DNA

what happens after replication in semi conservative DNA

two copies of the original DNA exist, each molecule consists of an original strand and a new one

helicase

enzyme that opens the DNA helix by breaking H-bonds between bases

DNA polymerase

replicates the DNA polymer (and builds complementary strands)

DNA profile

visual representation of a persons unique DNA sequence, needs many copies of their DNA

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a lab technique used to replicate and amplify specific DNA segment

primers

short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy

genome

one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism

shortcut for determining DNA sequence

use PCR to amplify only specific segments of DNA short tandem repeats

short tandem repeats (STR)

sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated