Chapter 14 The Rise of Russia

__________ were Russian peasant-adventurers recruited to migrate to newly seized lands where they combined agriculture with military conquests.

Cossacks

Peter the Great was able to gain a "Window on the West" by defeating __________ and gaining territory on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

Sweden

By 1800, __________ of Russia's peasantry were serfs to the landowning nobility.

one-half

During the Early Modern period, Russia differed from the Western European colonial empires in that it __________.

was a land-based empire

Russia under Mongol rule was best described as a time of __________

reduced cultural vigor

Tsar Ivan III contributed to the development of the Russian Empire by __________.

freeing Russia from Mongol rule and expanding the size of his kingdom

Westernization efforts made in Russia by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great __________.

were selective and addressed mostly the aristocrac

Peter the Great chose to recruit government bureaucrats from outside the aristocracy and gave them noble titles to __________.

make the Russian state less dependent on aristocratic officials

The ornate, onion-shaped domes that characterized many Russian and other Eastern European churches resulted from __________.

a modification of traditional Renaissance styles to include customary Russian building traditions

Under Catherine the Great's authority, Russia was able to extend its rule over most of __________ after three successful partitions eliminated its independence during the last half of the eighteenth century.

Poland

What can be said of the Russian and Eastern European nobility during the Early Modern period?

Nobles tended to be divided between great urban magnates and smaller less Westernized landowners whose lifestyles were less opulent.

Before the Mongol conquest, Russian serfs __________.

were mostly free farmers who enjoyed greater legal rights than their counterparts in Western Europe

Russia's success in trading furs and other commodities with other parts of Central Asia demonstrated that it __________.

did not totally rely on the West for trade relation

During the Early Modern period, smaller Eastern European nations such as Hungary and Bohemia __________.

were absorbed by more powerful Western empires

Russian liberation from the Mongols began under the leadership of local princes from __________ during the fourteenth century.

The Duchy of Moscow

The Romanov dynasty in Russia lasted for slightly over __________ years.

300

One of the key tsarist features that survived the revolution of 1917 was the __________, which was initiated by Peter the Great.

Chancery of Secret Police

Under the "Instruction" of 1767, Russia was declared to be __________.

a European state

During the early 1800s, French observer Alexis de Tocqueville likened the expanded and increasingly important Russian Empire to the __________.

United States

__________ percent of the Russian population was urbanized during the Early Modern period.

5

Tsar Ivan IV was also called "Ivan the Terrible" because he __________.

killed or exiled many of the Russian boyars whom he suspected of conspiracy

Early Russian expansion into Central Asia led to __________.

the inclusion of a large Muslim minority population

Peter the Great's requirements that aristocratic males shave off their beards and wear Western clothes was one way to __________.

isolate the Russian elite from their established traditions

Unlike her fellow reformer Peter the Great, Catherine the Great __________.

was not Russian by birth

The 1649 act that fixed the hereditary status of Russian serfs led to __________.

their inability to escape serfdom if they had been born into it

Despite her claims of being an enlightened ruler, in actuality, Catherine the Great __________.

gave landlords almost complete governmental control over the serfs

Emelian Pugachev launched his rebellion against Catherine the Great on the grounds that __________.

he claimed to be Peter III, the true heir to the Russian throne

After the fifteenth century, areas in Eastern Europe, such as Poland and the Czech and Slovak regions, __________.

became part of Western Europe's cultural orbit

The collapse of several multinational empires during the twentieth century has led to __________.

their inability to escape serfdom if they had been born into it

What can be said of Russia as a multinational empire?

Russia was the most successful of all the new multinational empires created in the Early Modern period.

Russia's rise to power was similar to earlier Macedonian and Roman expansion in that Russia also __________.

was on the fringes of a "civilized world"

Peter the Great acknowledged his interest in shifting Russia toward European traits by __________.

moving his capital further west to the new city of St. Petersburg

What can be said of the status of Russian peasants and/or serfs during the Early Modern period?

Peasants were not literally slaves and could use village governments to regulate many aspects of their lives.

Tsar Alexis Romanov was noted for __________.

reestablishing state control over the Orthodox church

Boyars were __________.

aristocratic landlords who frequently clashed with Russian tsars over political rule

To recruit soldiers for their armies, Russian tsars began to __________.

grant hereditary territories to military nobles

The Time of Troubles in Russia occurred after the __________.

death of the heirless Tsar Ivan IV

Peasant rebellions in Russia mostly targeted the __________.

landed aristocracy

Peter the Great's Westernization of the Russian economy focused partially on __________.

the development of metallurgical and mining industries

Most of Peter the Great's reign in Russia from 1696 to 1725 was characterized by a __________.

Philosophical ideas relating to how sovereigns were created, their people's purposes, and reductions in traditionally severe legal punishments that were included in Catherine the Great's "Instruction" of 1767 __________.

were not put into practice because they were perceived to be subversive and seditious after the outbreak of the French Revolution

When one Russian priest wrote to Tsar Alexis, "You feed the foreigners too well, instead of bidding your folk to cling to the old customs," he was expressing his criticism of __________.

the Westernization process in Russia

By the end of the eighteenth century, Radishchev and other Western-oriented aristocrats tried to implement measures such as the __________ to criticize the Russian regime's backwardness.

abolition of serfdom

The first steps in Russia's development during the Early Modern period involved __________.

emphasizing territorial expansion and strengthening tsarist rule

Besides gaining greater support among Russian women, Peter the Great's reforms aimed at Westernizing their clothing and cultural traditions were implemented to __________.

make Russia appear to be culturally respectable in the eyes of Western Europeans

Russian values remained intact during the period of Mongol rule because the Mongols __________.

were more interested in collecting tribute rather than implementing full government

Although Peter the Great was considered to be one of Russia's major reformist rulers before 1800, his "Decrees on Compulsory Education of the Russian Nobility, January 12 and February 28, 1714" contradict this idea because he __________.

prevented any member of the nobility who refused to learn mathematics or geometry from getting married

The peasant uprising known as the Pugachev rebellion was crushed by Catherine the Great as an excuse to extend the powers of the central government to __________.

the administration of regional affairs in Russia

__________ was most closely associated with the statement, "Tremble, cruel hearted landlord! On the brow of each of your peasants I see your condemnation written."

Radishchev

During the eighteenth century, Russia's population doubled to __________.

36 million

The impetus for Peter the Great's interest in Westernizing certain aspects of Russian society was __________.

a series of early military setbacks in wars with Sweden

Russian merchants during the Early Modern period __________.

were unable to develop as a substantial social class