MYCO Unit III

Haustorium

Hyphal structure in rusts that infect plants and absorb nutrients

Rusts nutritional type

Obligate biotrophs

How many hosts and spores can rusts have

Two, Five

Teliospore

Thick-walled resting spore for rusts

The fungi that contain mycoparasites and human pathogens

Jelly fungi

Which fungi have septate basidia and a gelatinous/rubbery body that can be dried and wetted repeatedly?

Jelly fungi

Does the canon ball fungus have active or passive dispersal?

Active

What clade do gasteroid fungi belong to?

Polyphyletic

Statismospores

Main interior portion of the fruiting body of a gasteroid call the gleba.

Peridium

Outside of the gasteroid fruiting body

Tremellales

Dimorphic with yeast and a mycelial state with cruciately septate basidia. Some species are mycoparasites.

Auriculariales

Cruciate septate that have transversely septate basidia and are saprotrophs on wood

Dacrymycetales clade and what they are known for

Monophyletic and are known for having a “tuning fork” type of basidia causing brown rot.

Smut fungi are characterized by masses of black spores they produce which are called:

Spores

Two organisms that make up a lichen

Photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium

Do ascomycota produce eight spores due to mitotic division?

True

Smuts and bunts both replace the seeds with fungal structures? True or false.

True

Which phylum do most asexual fungi belong to?

Ascomycota

Do both smut and gasteroid fungi have peridia

Yes

Sordariomycetes have what type of ascocarp

Perithecia

Discomycetes have what type of ascocarp

Apothecia

Class that lichen are in and what ascocarp they have

Lecanoromycetes, apothecia

Class that morels/saddle fungi are in and what ascocarp they have

Pezizomycetes, operculate discomycetes

Class that sclerotinia and blue stain fungi are in and what ascocarp they have

Leotiomycetes, inoperculate

Conidia

Spores of asexual fungi

Difference of covered and loose smut

Covered smut has a persistent peridium while loose smut has a thin, fragile peridium Are

What clade are rusts and smuts in

Monophyletic

What are facultative biotrophs, has two spore stages, and only one host

Smuts

Name an example of smuts

Corn smut causes major crop loss and food contamination.

What are obligate biotrophs, with five spore stages, and might require two hosts?

Rusts

Name an example of rusts

Wheat stem rusts that cause massive agricultural loss and cause devastating disease yielding in a reduced quantity of wheat, pine, and coffee.

Name the five different ascomycota ascocarps

Apothecium, Perithecium, Pseudothecium, Cleistothecium, and Naked Asci

Apothecium

open, cup-shaped

Peritheicum

Flask-shaped with ostiole opening

Pseudothecium

Bitunicate asci within cavity

Cleistothecium

Completely enclosed

Naked asci

no ascocarp, asci exposed directly

Holomorph

Entire fungal organism including its sexual (telomorph) and asexual (anamorph) stages

What allows for rapid colonization and genetic stability

Asexual reproduction

What are the two things that define ascomycota ?

Their asci that form ascospores

Three anamorphic fungal structures

Conidiophores, condiogenous, and conidia

Specialized hyphae that bear conidia

Conidiophores

Cells that produce the conidia

Condiogenous

Asexual spores are called

Conidia

Operculate

A lid that opens to release spores

Inoperculate

Asci that open via slit/pore that use internal pressure to eject spores.

Ways that basidiomycota and ascomycota differ: karyogamy

Ascus for ascomycota

Basidia for basidiomycota

Ways that basidiomycota and ascomycota differ: spore formation

Ascospores are formed internally

Basidiospores are formed externally

Ways that basidiomycota and ascomycota differ: spore dispersal

Basidiospores are forcibly ejected

Ascospores have a build up of internal pressure

Four things that basidiomycota and ascomycota share

Chitin cell walls, complex septate hyphae, spore formation via meiosis, and regular alternation of generations

Operculate (pezizomycetes) asci/how they release their spores and an example of them

Active spore discharge and morels

Inoperculate (leotiomycetes) asci/how they release their spores and an example of them

Active discharge and opens via slit and sclerotinia

Bitunicate ascus

Double-walled and the inner wall expands to shoot spores

Unitunicate ascus

Single wall that does not split. The spores are released through a built-in opening.

What class are in ascomycota and have an apothecium ascocarp?

Discomycetes

Are truffles in the discomycetes class?

Yes

Are truffles hypo/hypergenous?

Hypogenous

What class are lichens in

Lecanoromycetes

Sordariomycetes ascocarp

Perithecia that contains unitunicate asci with ascospores inside

Hypocreales are in class

Sordariomycetes

Examples of hypocreales

Cordyceps and hypomyces

Cordyceps

Parasitic on insects

Hypomyces

Lobster mushroom that parasitizes mushrooms and turn them orange

List the three sub-phylums in Basidiomycota

Agaricomycotina, Ustilagomycotina, and puccinomycotina

List the four classes in Agaricomycotina

Gasteromycetes, agaricomyctes, dacrymycetes, and tremellomycetes

List the two orders of gasteromycetes

Melanogastrales: Tubers

Phalles: Stink horns

List the order of agaricomycetes

Auriculales: Saprotrophic jellies

List the order of darcymycetes

Darcymycetales: brown rot jelly

List the order of tremellomycetes

Tremallales: mycoparasitic jellies

List the class of ustilagomycotina

Ustilaginomycetes

List the orders under ustilaginomycetes

Ustilaginales: smuts

Tilletiales: bunts

List the class under puccinomycotina

Urediniomycetes

List the order under urediniomycetes

Puccinales: rusts

Epigenous

Above ground

Hypogenous

Below ground

Heteroecism

Two different host plants

Autriceous

The entire life cycle is on one species

What is the sub-phylum of ascomycota?

Peziziomycotina (discomycetes)

List the four classes under pezizomycotina

Pezizomycetes, leotiomycetes, lecanomycetes, and sordariomycetes

List the order under pezizomycetes

Pezizales: operculate discomyceytes

List the order under leotiomycetes

Helotiales: Inoperculate discomycetes

Rhytismatales: Inoperculate with no distinct apical apparatus

List the order under lecanomyctes

Lichens

List the five orders under sordariomycetes

Sordariales, Hypocreales, Xylariales, Ophiotomatales, and Diaporthales

Sordariomycetes: known for their dark perithecia

Sordariales and xylariales

Sordariomycetes: known for their brightly colored fleshy stoma

Hypocreales

Sordariomycetes: Associated with beetles

Ophiostomatales

Sordariomycetes: known for their plant pathogenic characteristics

Diaporthales

Statismospores

Spores of Gasteromycetes

Gleba

Fertile portion of gasteromycetes

Peridium

Wall of gasteromycetes

Puffballs and earth stars basidiocarp information

Immature: white and uniform

Mature: dark powdery

Example would be lycoperdon

Stalked puffballs basidiocarps and whether or not they are epi/hypogenous

Their basidiocarps are dark and watered when mature and they are epigenous (e.g. calostoma).

Bird’s Nest Fungi basidiocarp

Oval and urn shaped with one to three layers of peridium (e.g Nidula)

What is the nutritional type of birds nest fungi?

Saprotrophic and are usually found on dead wood. They are also dispersed ny rain splashes.

Earth balls and false earth stars layers of peridium, what the gleba looks like, and are they endo/ectomycorrhizal?

One layered peridium, immature gleba is dark, and ectomycorrhizal (e.g. scleroderma)

Tubers/ False truffles order

Melanogastrales

Stink horn order, gleba, basidiocarp, and nutritional type

Phallales, gleba dissolves into a putrid mass that attracts insects to disperse spores, immature basidiocarps form an egg stage, and most are saprotrophic (e.g dog stinkhorns).

What type of evolution is it when spores mature inside of the basidiocarp

Convergent

What class are jelly fungi in?

Agaricomycetes

What class holds the saprotrophic jellies, heterobasidia, and an example?

Auricularales, cruciate/transverse septate, and wood ear