Chemistry Exam Review: Stoichiometry, Solutions, and Chemical Reactions

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering fundamental chemistry terminology from Exam 03-04 Practice, including molar mass, redox terminology, solution units, equation types, and stoichiometry.

Molar Mass

The mass in grams of one mole of a substance, expressed in units of $g\,mol^{-1}$.

Avogadro's Number

The fundamental constant representing the number of particles (atoms, molecules, or formula units) per mole of a substance, equal to approximately $6.022 \times 10^{23}\text{ particles/mol}$.

Redox Reaction

A reduction-oxidation reaction involving the transfer of electrons between chemical species, causing a change in oxidation numbers.

Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate

An inorganic salt containing potassium cations and the hydrogen phosphate polyatomic anion, with the chemical formula $K_2HPO_4$.

Parts Per Billion (ppb)

A unit of concentration representing parts of solute per billion parts of solution, equivalent to $1\,\mu g$ of solute per $1\,dm^3$ of aqueous solution.

Precipitation Reaction

A chemical reaction in aqueous solution where dissolved ionic compounds combine to produce an insoluble solid known as a precipitate.

Acid-Base Neutralization

A reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to produce water and an ionic salt.

Combustion Reaction

An exothermic chemical reaction where a substance (such as a hydrocarbon) rapidly reacts with molecular oxygen ($O_2$) to produce carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$).

Oxidation Number

A formal charge assigned to an atom in a compound or polyatomic ion, reflecting the number of electrons lost, gained, or shared compared to its neutral elemental state.

Oxidation

The process in a chemical reaction where an atom, molecule, or ion loses electrons, resulting in an increase in its oxidation number.

Reduction

The process in a chemical reaction where an atom, molecule, or ion gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation number.

Metathesis Reaction

Also called a double displacement reaction; a chemical process wherein the cations and anions of two reacting ionic compounds exchange partners to form two new compounds.

Molecular Equation

A balanced chemical equation where all reactants and products are written as neutral, intact chemical formulas with phase designations.

Total Ionic Equation

A chemical equation in which all soluble strong electrolytes are dissociated and written as separate hydrated ions, while insoluble solids, liquids, and gases remain intact.

Net Ionic Equation

A chemical equation that includes only the specific ions and molecules directly involved in forming the product, excluding spectator ions.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed first in a chemical reaction, thereby determining the maximum theoretical amount of product that can be formed.

Actual Yield

The measured quantity of product experimentally isolated and weighed from a completed chemical reaction.