Minerals

organic matrix of bone is ___ to ___% collagen fibers

90-95%

collagen

• present in periodontium as primary CT fiber in gingiva

• formation required protein, vitamin C, iron, copper, & zinc

• begins mineralization

the calcium reserve is ___ to ___% of total bone calcium

0.4-10%

(in shapeless form)

about ____% of alveolar bone is organic

35%

4% of total body weight is made up of _____ elements

inorganic

major minerals are required in _____ amounts

larger

micronutrients/ trace elements are required in _____ amounts

smaller

what is the most abundant mineral in the body?

calcium

• 99% in skeleton & teeth

functions of calcium

• bone health

• blood clotting

• nerve impulse transmission

• muscle contraction & relaxation

• membrane permeability

• enzyme activation

• salivary buffer

calcium requirements

• RDA ages 19-50 - 1,000 mg

• RDA women over 50 - 1,200 mg

common causes of inadequate calcium intake

• uninformed food choices

• belief that adults don’t need milk

• economic hardship

• lack of knowledge of inexpensive calcium sources

• self-diagnosed lactose intolerance

• soda consumption

• dislike of calcium-rich foods

serum calcium

• highly regulated

• if declines, bones used as reserves

• inversely related to phosphorus levels

calcium imbalance

when calcium withdrawal from bones exceeds deposits

hormones (PTH, estrogen, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone)

help regulate calcium absorption

phosphorus increases _____ uptake by bone

calcium

calcium sources

• milk & dairy products (preferred)

• fortified soy and rice milk

• fortified orange juice

• supplements (calcium citrate malate, lactate, citrate & sulfate

  have the highest absorption; better absorbed with food)

hyper states of calcium

• hypercalcemia

• inhibit iron and zinc absorption

• cause:

  • dizziness

  • flushing

  • nausea/vomiting

  • severe constipation

  • kidney stones

  • irregular heartbeat

  • tinging sensations

  • xerostomia

  • fatigue

  • high blood pressure

hypercalcemia

excess calcium in blood

functions of phosphorus

• form bones/teeth

• muscle contraction & nerve activity

• component os phospholipids, DNA, & RNA

• energy metabolism (ATP)

• body buffer

• regulate acid-base balance in body

what is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

phosphorus

• 85% in skeleton & teeth

phosphorus RDA’s

700 mg/day for men & women over 18 years

• 60-70% absorbed in jejunum

sources of phosphorus

• milk products

• meats

• baked goods

• cheese

• processed meats

• soft drinks

hyper state of phosphorus

hyperphosphatemia (> 2.6 mg/dL)

• excessive phosphorus binds with calcium = tetany & convulsions

hypo state of phosphorus

hypophosphatemia

• in tooth development, can cause incomplete calcification, failure of dentin formation, & increased caries risk

bones contain almost ____ of the body’s magnesium

2/3

functions of magnesium

• cofactor for 300+ enzymes

• DNA & RNA synthesis

• nerve impulse & muscle contraction

• vitamin D conversion in liver

• blood clotting

• PTH secretion

RDA of magnesium

240-420 mg/day

(9 y/o to man)

sources of magnesium

• dark green, leafy vegetables

• whole grains & nuts

• chocolate

• bananas

hyper states of magnesium

no evidence of overconsumption

• kidney regulates magnesium, toxicity may cause failure

• symptoms:

  • diarrhea, nausea, cramping

what mineral is deficiency rare in healthy people but COMMON in chronic alcoholism?

magnesium

hypo states

due to prolonged vomiting, malabsorption, kidney disease, or corticosteroid/diuretic use

• present in nearly ALL CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS

• symptoms:

  • alveolar bone fragility

  • gingival hypertrophy

  • cardiac dysrhythmias

  • neuromuscular hyper excitability

fluoride

non essential, desirable for dental/bone health

• replaces hydroxyl ions in hydroxyapatite crystal lattice = resistance to caries

• flourapatite = more caries resistant

• increases resistance to plaque adherence

• inhibit S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species

• stimulates osteoblast proliferation

• increases new mineral deposition in cancellous bone

fluoride requirements

Al/day men and women - 3-4 mg

average U.S. per day - 0.9 mg

UL/day for 9+ - 10 mg

• most absorption in stomach

fluoride sources

• water, seafood, brewed tea, carbonated beverages (if containing fluoridated water)

• gels, foams, varnishes, dentifrices, prophylactic paste, mouse rinses

about 80% if fluoride consumed comes from…

tap & bottled water

hyper state of fluoride

dental fluorosis

• hypo mineralization of enamel

• fluoride exposure during development

• white to brown flecks, staining, pitting

hypo state of fluoride

• increased dental caries

antifluoridation claims fluoridated water is linked to…

• cancer

• alzheimer’s disease

this lacks support**