Genetics Unit Review Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary review of molecular genetics, cell processes, patterns of inheritance, and biotechnology based on the Genetics Unit Week 7 review materials.

Replication

Process of cell duplicating (making more) DNA in nucleus.

Translation

Process to build up and make a protein.

Law of Segregation

Mendel's Law that separates gametes.

Frameshift

A shift in the reading frame of genetic code caused by inserting or deleting bases, changing amino acids.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration (ex: spraying Lysol).

Cytoplasm

Place where bacteria does DNA replication and processes.

tRNA

Type of RNA that moves amino acids to each other to ultimately create protein.

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's Law that gives us variation through different combinations of traits.

Deletion

Mutation that causes a frameshift by taking bases away.

Mitosis

Type of cell reproduction that makes identical body cells.

Gametes

Place where mutations can be passed down to new generations (another name for sex cells).

Non-disjunction

Mutation where chromosomes do not separate properly.

DNA Fingerprinting

Name of biotechnology that is unique to each person (except identical male twins), used by forensic scientists to solve crimes.

Crossing Over

Process in meiosis that produces genetic variation by exchanging chromosome segments.

DNA

Double-stranded nucleic acid in nucleus used for our genetic information (A-T & C-G).

RNA

Single strand of nucleic acid that lands in the cytoplasm and ribosomes to make protein (U-A & C-G).

Transcription

Process of DNA template making RNA.

Codon

A group of 3 nitrogen bases that make up a codon for the Codon Chart.

Semi-Conservative

Name to describe DNA replication as producing an original strand paired with a new strand.

Flow of Protein Synthesis

$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{mRNA} \rightarrow \text{protein}$ (or $\text{transcription} \rightarrow \text{translation}$).

Homozygous Alleles

Alleles that are the same (e.g., $TT$, $tt$).

Heterozygous Alleles

Alleles that are different (e.g., $Tt$).

Monohybrid Punnett Square

A cross tracking the inheritance of one single trait.

Dihybrid

A cross tracking the inheritance of two different traits at the same time (e.g., $AaBb \times AaBb$).

Codominance

A pattern of inheritance where both alleles are fully and equally expressed in the phenotype (e.g., AB blood type or speckled feathers).

Incomplete Dominance

A pattern of inheritance where neither allele is completely dominant, causing a blended phenotype (e.g., red and white flowers producing pink).

Mutations

A change or error in the DNA sequence.