Chapter 15: Urinary System and Adrenal Glands

Ultrasound

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra

what makes up the urinary system?

kidneys and ureters

what makes up the upper urinary tract?

bladder and urethra

what makes up the lower urinary tract?

kidneys

what maintains equilibrium through excretion of urine?

ureters

what carries urine to urinary bladder for storage?

blood pressure, PH

the functions of the urinary system include _____ _____ regulation, maintenance of correct balance of ____, minerals, iron, and salt in the blood.

retro

the kidneys are ____peritoneal organs

peritoneum, back muscles

the kidneys lie on both sides of the spine between the________ and _____ ______

convex, concave

the lateral side of the kidney is _____ and the medial side is ______.

right

which kidney is lower than the other and has a shorter ureter?

thoracic, lumbar

kidneys are in the the lower _____ and ______ area

12th, 3rd

the upper pole of LK is at the _____ thoracic, and the lower is at _____ lumbar

1st, 3rd

the upper pole of the RK is at the _____ lumbar, and the lower is at the _____ lumbar

perirenal space

in what space does the adrenal gland, kidneys, ureters, and renal vessels sit?

morison pouch

the peritoneal space separating the right kidney and the liver

diaphragm, psoas, transversus

posterior to the kidneys is the _______, _____ muscle, _______ abdominus muscle, and quadratus lumborum muscle

ureters

retroperitoneal structures that begin as the renal pelvis in the hilum of each kidney

psoas, posteriorly

the ureters extend inferiorly along the _____ muscle and enter the bladder _______ through peristaltic action

common iliac, ductus deferens

the ureters are anterior to psoas and _____ ______ arteries, and is posterior to _______ _____ and uterine artery

urinary bladder

what is posterior to the pubis symphysis

urethra

the membranous canal that conveys urine out of the bladder via neck of the bladder

male

which urethra is longer: Male or female?

seminal fluid

the male urethra also functions as a pathway for _______ ______.

10-12 cm

what is the normal length for an adult kidney?

3-5 cm

what is the depth for a normal kidney?

3.3-5 cm

what is the length of a neonatal kidney?

left

which kidney is slightly longer?

the pediatric kidneys are proportionately larger than the adult kidneys

true or false?

25-30 cm

how long are adult ureters?

3-6 mm

what is the usual measurement of a distended bladder wall?

20 cm, 3.5 cm

how long is the male urethra? How long is the female?

1st

which layer is covered with tough fibrous capsules closely applied to parenchyma

2nd

which is the layer of perirenal fat surrounding encapsulated kidneys, continuous with the fat in the renal sinus?

3rd

which is the layer with the renal fascia (gerota fascia), surrounds kidney and perirenal fat

pararenal fat

what is the gerota fascia surrounded by?

perirenal fat

what is the green area?

renal fascia

what is the red area?

pararenal fat

what is the pink area?

renal fascia

what anchors the kidneys and limits any infection arising?

adipose capsule

what is another name for perirenal fat (also called packing fat of zuckerkandl)?

perinephric fascia

what is another name for perirenal fascia?

pararenal body

what is another name for pararenal fat?

true capsule/fibrous capsule

what is another name for the renal capsule?

parenchyma, central sinus

the kidney is composed of 2 areas: peripheral ________ and ______ ______

renal cortex

what is the outer portion of the parenchyma that contains the renal corpuscle, proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron, and functional unit of the kidney?

renal medulla

what is the inner portion that contains 8-18 medullary pyramids?

loops of henle

pyramids contain _____ ____ ____(renal loops) of the nephron, where filtration and absorption occur

apex

the narrow tip of the medullary pyramid is the ____

minor calyx

the pyramids (apex) sit within the _____ _____ and the base faces outward toward renal cortex

minor calyx

what collects urine from the pyramids?

columns of bertin

what are bands of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids?

renal cortex

what surrounds the sides and base of pyramid?

renal lobecent

what is made of one medullary pyramid and cortical tissue covering its base, bordered by interlobar arteries and veins?

renal sinus

central portion of the kidney, houses renal artery and vein, fatty fibrous tissue, nerves, and lymphatics, collecting system and renal hilum

infundibulum

what is the process of the collecting system where the minor and major calyces and renal pyramids convey urine to minor which form the peripheral border of the renal sinus?

renal pelvis

the medial portion of the renal sinus, where the renal artery enters and renal vein and ureter exit

ureters

what begins in the kidney as the renal pelvis?

ureters

what is composed of inner mucosal layer, medial layer of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle, and outer fibrous layer?

trigone

ureters enter the urinary bladder posteriorly at the _____ area

trigone area

lines that form a triangle that joins the orifices of the ureters and urethra

inner mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, outer serosa

what are the layers of the urinary bladder?

muscularis

what layer of the urinary bladder has 3 layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)?

outer serosa

which layer of the urinary bladder is superior and is an extension of pelvic peritoneum?

empty, full

mucosa folds when bladder is _____, distends and smooth when _____

inferior

the ______ portion of the urinary bladder has the trigone area and neck, communicates with the urethra

anterior

the ______ portion of the urinary bladder lies behind the pubic bone and symphysis pubis

true

true or false: the bladder is anchored by ligaments that attach to pubic bones

puboresical

what are the ligaments that attach the bladder to pubic bones called in a female?

puboprostatic

what are the ligaments that attach the bladder to pubic bones called in a male?

tendinous, obturator

lateral ligaments fuse with ________ arch of the ________ internus muscles

internal iliac artery

blood supply to the urinary bladder is from the ______ _____ ____, obturator, and inferior gluteal arteries

prostatic, membranous, penile

the three portions of the male urethra from the inside to out: ______ urethra, short ________ urethra, and _______ urethra

prostatic urethra

which portion of the male urethra receives secretions from the prostate gland?

short membranous urethra

which portion of the male urethra pierces the urogenital diaphragm?

penile urethra

which portion of the male urethra is the entire length of the penis?

membranous

the female urethra is ________ and pierces the urogenital diaphragm.

uremia

what is the term for failure of both kidneys

1,600, 200,000

kidneys filter about _____ mL of blood per unit, up to ______ mL per day

95, 5

urine is about ____% water and ___% nitrogenous wastes and inorganic salts

nitrogenous waste

what is by-products of metabolism?

by blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

how is nitrogenous waste measured?

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney

high, low, osmosis

the nephron moves metabolic products from areas of _____ to _____ concentration through ______ passive transport of cellular material or active transport (cellular energy to move material)

juxtamedullary

the inner third of the renal cortex, longer loops of henle

cortical

what is the outer two thirds of the renal cortex?

bowman capsule, glomerulus

the nephron consists of the renal corpuscle also called the _____ _____. The nephron also has the ______ that sits in the renal corpuscle.

renal tubule

what is the region that has the proximal and distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and the collecting duct?

medulla

where is the loop of Henle and collecting duct located?

renal cortex

where is the glomerulus, bowmans capsule, and prox & distal convoluted tubules located?

renal, interlobar, arcuate, afferent, efferent

the path of blood (arteries) to the nephron:______, _______, _________, ______, _________

interlobar arteries

what are the arteries that travel between the pyramids?

arcuate arteries

what artery lies at the base of the pyramids?

afferent arterioles

what carries blood into the glomerulus?

peritubular

blood from the glomerulus goes from the efferent arterioles to ________ capillaries

vasa recta

what are capillary loops that surround juxtamedullary nephron?

vasa recta, countercurrent multiplier system

what traps salt and urea in the medulla and moves water back into the blood? And what is this called?

maintains homeostasis

what does the countercurrent multiplier system do?

glomerulus

where does the first step in urine formation occur?

increases

as vessels narrow, blood pressure _______

60, 90

most vessels have 25mmHg blood pressure, glomerulus is ____-____