Canadian Historiography and Sport History Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of 90 practice flashcards covering Canadian historiography, nationalism, sports evolution, labour activism, and Victorian social reform.

What two interconnected ideas define history according to the lecture notes?

The past and historiography.

How do the lecture notes define "the past"?

Everything that has happened at an earlier time, which has occurred and is over.

What is the literal meaning of the word historiography?

History writing.

How did Keith Jenkins define history in his 1991 book "Re-Thinking History"?

History is a shifting discourse constructed by historians about the past, where changing the gaze or shifting the perspective reveals new readings.

What is one way history functions as a shifting discourse?

New evidence comes to light that changes predominant beliefs about a given historical instance.

What was the focus of Traditional Western History prior to the late 1960s?

Great men and politics, written by elite men using a top-down approach (a strategy that starts with the big picture and breaks it down into smaller, detailed parts) focused on social elites.

When did Social History develop in Canada?

In the late 1960s.

What fields and methodologies influenced the shift toward Social History in Canada?

The social sciences and quantitative methodologies, which emphasized everyday life across society. Shifting the focus from the rich to ordinary, lower-class people.

Name three examples of "forgotten majorities" whose histories emerged with the rise of social and cultural history.

Working-class or labour histories, women's history, and Indigenous histories.

How is documentary evidence defined in the lecture notes?

Fragments from the past used to build an argument or informed interpretation, situated within a broad survey of all available sources.

What three questions are asked when evaluating the provenance of historical evidence?

Where did it come from? Who created it? And for what purpose?

What is "triangulation" in the context of evaluating documentary evidence?

Taking into consideration all available sources to make grounded assumptions and interpretations based on the complete evidence.

What is the key difference between primary and secondary historical sources?

Primary sources are first-hand evidence from the period, while secondary sources analyze or interpret primary source information to provide context.

How is nationalism defined in the study guide?

The doctrine or practice of promoting the collective interests of a national community or state above those of individuals, regions, or other nations.

What sentiment dominated Canadian nationalism in English-speaking Canada post-Confederation in 1867?

An overriding sense of imperial membership in the British Empire, constrained by strong provincialism.

How did Canadian participation in World War I alter Canadian national identity?

Participation and sacrifice in WWI, especially on battlefields like Vimy Ridge in 1917, created a new sense of distinct nationhood and drove Canada toward autonomous nationhood in the 1920s.

What phenomenon characterized Canadian-American relations in the 20th century as U.S. power rose?

A peaceful cultural invasion by the United States.

What national symbols emerged alongside renewed Canadian nationalism in the postwar era and late 1960s?

The new Canadian flag and national anthem.

What was Bruce Kidd's critique regarding sport and social barriers?

Sports do not automatically collapse social barriers; instead, sports can actively reinforce social barriers based on class, gender, and ethnicity.

Who is Jeff Douglas and what commercial remake did he produce?

A Halifax-based actor and CBC Radio One journalist who remade his famous 2000 Molson Canadian beer commercial "The Rant" into the 2025 video "We Are Canadian".

What prompted Jeff Douglas's 2025 "We Are Canadian" video remake?

Comments by the U.S. President regarding Canada becoming the 51st State.

How did Chantal Kreviazuk protest the "51st state" concept at the 2025 Four Nations Face-Off?

She altered the "O Canada" anthem lyric from "in all of us command" to "that only us command".

What hockey phrase did Mike Myers evoke on Saturday Night Live and in a Liberal election ad?

Elbows Up, Canada.

How many Stanley Cup championships did Tim Horton win with the Toronto Maple Leafs, and in what years?

Four Stanley Cup championships, in 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1967.

When and where did the first Tim Hortons coffee shop open?

In May 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario.

Who became Tim Horton's business co-partner in 1965?

Ron Joyce.

When and at what age did Terry Fox lose his right leg to cancer?

In 1977 at age 18.

When and where did Terry Fox begin his Marathon of Hope?

In April 1980 in St. John's, Newfoundland.

What total distance did Terry Fox cover during his Marathon of Hope, and over how many days?

He covered $5,373\,\text{km}$ in $143\,\text{days}$, averaging $42\,\text{km/day}$.

Where and why was Terry Fox forced to end his Marathon of Hope in September 1980?

Near Thunder Bay, Ontario, because cancer had spread to his lungs.

Gord Downie was the frontman for which iconic Canadian band?

The Tragically Hip.

Where and when was Lululemon founded?

In Vancouver, BC in 1998 as a women's yoga retailer.

What political positions were held by Tommy Douglas?

Premier of Saskatchewan (1944–1961) and first leader of the federal NDP (1961–1971).

What hockey history book was authored by former Prime Minister Stephen Harper in 2013?

A Great Game: The Forgotten Leafs & the Rise of Professional Hockey.

How long has sport been studied as an academic subject according to the notes?

Over the last three decades.

What is Modernization Theory?

An overarching framework describing the transition of social life and cultural forms from preindustrial/premodern to industrial/modern societies.

What are the four core assumptions of Modernization Theory?

Progressive Nature, Transitory Conflict, Role of the State, and Institutional Convergence.

What is Bruce Kidd's main thesis regarding how Canadian sport developed?

Canadian sport did not evolve smoothly or automatically, but emerged through continuous struggles, negotiations, and compromises.

How do the notes characterize the concept of time, the week, and the weekend?

Time is socially constructed, and the week and weekend are modern inventions rather than natural phenomena.

What four historical forces combined to create the modern weekend?

Industrialization, religion, labour activism, and capitalism.

What calendar system created in 46 BC established a 365-day calendar year?

The Julian System.

What was the pre-industrial tradition of "Saint Monday"?

A practice where workers took Mondays (and sometimes Tuesdays) off to recover from weekend drinking or celebrate in taverns.

How is industrialization defined in the lecture notes?

An economic and social process shifting human activities toward work, wages, and monetary income, transitioning society from feudalism to capitalism.

When and where did the First Industrial Revolution begin?

In the early 18th century (late 1700s) in Great Britain.

What were two key technological innovations of the First Industrial Revolution?

The Spinning Jenny and the Steam Engine / Factories.

What was the standard workday length and schedule during early industrialization in Canada?

A $12\text{-hour}$ workday, working at least $6\,\text{days}$ per week.

When and among whom did the term "week-end" first emerge?

Around the 1870s among British factory workers following the emergence of the Saturday Half-Holiday.

What event in 1872 initiated the Nine Hour Movement in Canada?

The Toronto Printers Strike.

What was the official slogan of the Nine Hour Movement?

Nine hours of day, six days a week is enough for any man to work.

What took place during the Hamilton march on May 15, 1872?

A strike parade of $1,500$ workers known as nine-hour pioneers marching in support of Toronto printers.

In what year was Labour Day officially established as a holiday in Canada?

In 1894.

When did most Canadians begin enjoying a standardized 2-day weekend dedicated to leisure?

Well after the Second World War (1939–1945).

What is Sabbatarianism?

A doctrine requiring strict observance of Sunday (the Sabbath) as a day of religious worship and piety.

What restriction was enacted by the British Parliament's 1781 Sunday law?

It banned any form of public entertainment on Sunday that required an admission fee.

What was the objective of Upper Canada's 1845 Lord's Day Act?

To prevent the profanation of the Lord's Day and ensure Sundays were kept pious.

What remark did an English traveler make about Toronto's Sunday atmosphere?

“Toronto is one of the most unpleasantly righteous cities I have ever been caught in on Sunday.”

When was the federal Dominion Lord's Day Act passed in Canada?

In 1907.

Why did the Supreme Court of Canada strike down the Lord's Day Act in 1985?

It ruled that the act infringed upon freedom of religion under the 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

What does the chronological abbreviation B.P. stand for?

Years Before the Present.

What is the full Latin phrase from which the dating term Anno Domini is derived?

Anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi, meaning in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ.

When did deglaciation begin in North America, and when did the ice-free corridor open up?

Deglaciation began approx. $20,000\,\text{B.P.}$ and the ice-free corridor opened $14,000\,\text{B.P.}$

Name the six geographic/cultural areas dividing Indigenous peoples in Canada.

Northwest Coast, Plateau, Plains, Subarctic, Arctic, and Eastern Woodlands (Northeast).

What physical qualities were celebrated and enhanced by the Games of the Dene?

Strength, endurance, and resistance to pain.

What traditional Indigenous names were used for pre-contact ball and stick games now known as lacrosse?

Tewaarathon and Baggataway.

What archaeological evidence of Norse presence (c. 1000 CE) was discovered at L'Anse aux Meadows?

Evidence of iron working, carpentry, and boat repair.

What was the estimated Indigenous population in North America at European contact?

$5\text{ to }10\text{ million}$.

What key actions did French explorer Jacques Cartier take during his 1534 and 1535 voyages?

He planted a cross at Gaspé in 1534 and sailed up the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1535.

Who were the Coureurs de Bois?

Independent, entrepreneurial French-Canadian traders who traveled interior North America to trade European goods for furs with First Nations.

How was land structured under the Seignorial System established in New France in the 1630s?

Land along the St. Lawrence River was divided into long, narrow tracts (seigneuries) extending back from the riverfront.

What treaty ended the Seven Years' War in 1763 and transferred French territory to Britain?

The Treaty of Paris (1763).

What territorial rights were granted to the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in Rupert's Land?

Exclusive rights of sole trade and commerce over Rupert's Land (the Hudson Bay drainage basin).

What were the average height, paddling rate, and caloric burn of Voyageurs?

Average height $5'4"\text{ to }5'6"$, paddling rate $40\,\text{strokes/min}$, and caloric burn $6,990\,\text{calories/day}$.

What were the weight parameters of Voyageur cargo packs and personal packs?

Cargo packs weighed $60\text{ to }90\,\text{lbs}$ each, and personal packs weighed $40\,\text{lbs}$.

What was the practical function and cultural significance of the Métis Sash?

Originally used by Voyageurs as a rope, carrying aid, and bandage, it became a hand-woven symbol of Métis identity.

Which artist documented Voyageur life in paintings like "Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall" (1869)?

Frances Anne Hopkins.

How is Imperial Nationalism defined in the context of Victorian Anglo-Canada?

The belief that Anglo-Canadian nationalism was directly tied to British imperialism, where Canada's triumphs were considered Britain's triumphs.

What flag featuring provincial coats of arms served as Canada's national flag until 1965?

The Canadian Red Ensign.

What were the core tenets of Laissez-Faire Capitalism in 19th-century Canadian cities?

It emphasized competition, individualism, self-reliance, and thrift, maintaining that public good depended on private charity rather than government intervention.

What was Canada's first sport club, and when was it established?

The Montreal Curling Club, established in 1807.

What major accomplishments were achieved by Canadian sculler Ned Hanlan in 1878 and 1880?

He won world sculling titles in 1878 and became Canada's first Individual World Champion in 1880.

Why is Dr. William George Beers recognized as the "Father of Modern Lacrosse"?

He established the first written set of playing rules for lacrosse and promoted it as a unifying national sport.

What national sports governing body was formed in 1909 to cement standard rules and amateur definitions across Canada?

The Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAUC).

What was the core doctrine of Rational Recreation in Victorian society?

Promoting the productive, self-improving, and morally uplifting use of leisure time, grounded in the Protestant work ethic.

How did the ideology of Amateurism function to enforce social class divisions?

By enforcing strict "no pay for play" rules and amateur codes that excluded working-class individuals who required payment or compensation to compete.

Who were Jennie Trout and Emily Stowe?

Jennie Trout became Canada's first licensed female physician in 1875; Emily Stowe became the second in July 1880 and was a prominent suffragist.

What was the "Angel of the House" cultural ideal in Victorian society?

A societal expectation for women to embody virtue, beauty, faith, and morality within domestic roles.

Who was Louise Armaindo?

A Montreal-born athlete known in the late 19th century as "the champion female bicycle rider of the world".

What were the three core pillars of Sir John A. Macdonald's "National Policy"?

1. Transcontinental Railway (CPR), 2. Aggressive Immigration to settle the West, 3. Protective Tariffs on imported manufactured goods.

What was the purchase price paid by Canada to the Hudson's Bay Company for Rupert's Land in 1870?

$1.5\text{ million CAD}$ ($300,000\text{ GBP}$).

What was Muscular Christianity?

A movement linking physical health and sports participation directly to spiritual well-being and "Christian manliness", shifting focus from religious asceticism to athleticism.