Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune System

What is blood?

body tissue composed of formed elements suspended in plasma

What are the 3 formed elements of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

What makes up plasma?

water, proteins, gases, nutrients, salts, and others

What is the other name for erythrocytes?

red blood cells

What do erythrocytes contain?

hemoglobin and an iron containing compound that gives them their red color

What is the importance of the iron in red blood cells

allows the transport of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)

What is the shape of red blood cells

appear in their mature form as biconcave disks that lack a nucleus

What is another name for leukocytes

white blood cells

What is the purpose of leukocytes

protection and defense in the body and also aid in tissue repair

what are the 5 different types of leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

What is the purpose of neutrophils

first line of defense

What happens to neutrophils once they eat a cell

it dies

What is the purpose of eosinophils

if high it is a marker for parasites

What is the purpose of basophils

inflammation

What is the purpose of monocytes

minor phagocytosis and fight infection

What is the purpose of lymphocytes

antigen response

What is phagocytosis

eat and destroy cells

what is diapedesis

can migrate through the blood

What is another name for platelets

thrombocytes

What are platelets important for

blood clotting

platelets are technically not ____ ____, but only ____ ___________

true cell, cell fragments

What things make up the lymphatic system?

lymph nodes, lymph vessels and fluid, tonsils, thymus, and spleen

What does the lymph fluid carry

monocytes and lymphocytes

What is the lymphatic system

network of vessels that drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood

What is the purpose of the immune system

protects the body against disease-causing organisms

What are the two types of defense of the immune system

innate and acquired

What is innate defense

present at birth (skin, tears, saliva, stomach acid, and so forth)

What is acquired defense

develops throughout a lifetime with each encounter with a foreign substance that may harm the host

What is humoral immunity orchestrated by?

B lymphocytes

What is cellular immunity orchestrated by?

T lymphocytes

What are the three characteristics of the acquired immune response

recognition, specificity, and memory

What is recognition?

the ability to know what belongs to the body and what is foreign and potentially harmful

What is specificity

the ability to custom make a defense unique to each antigen

What is memory

the ability to recall how the antigen was destroyed during the first encounter and then repeat it over and over again with each subsequent encounter with the anitgen

CF for blood

hem/o, hemat/o

CF for cell

cyt/o

CF for red

erythr/o

CF for white

leuk/o

CF for tonsil

tonsill/o

CF for thymus

thym/o

CF for spleen

splen/o

CF for blood clot

thromb/o

CF for varied, irregular

poikil/o

CF for serum

ser/o

CF for nucleus

nucle/o

CF for iron

sider/o

CF for lymph gland

lymphaden/o

CF for lymph vessel

lymphangi/o

fear of blood (or bleeding)

hem/o/phobia

red blood cell

erythrocyte

separation, destruction, loosening of a blood clot

thrombolysis

White blood cell

leukocyte

formation, production of blood

hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

standing still of blood

hemostasis

Study of shape or structure

morphology

decrease in platelets

thrombocytopenia

pertaining to origin in bone marrow

myelogenic

pertaining to embryonic (cell)

blastic

tumor composed of blood

hematoma

resembling a thrombus

thromboid

decrease or deficiency of iron

sider/o/penia

cells that swallows or eats (ingests)

phagocyte

disease of a lymph gland

lymphadenopathy

enlargement of the spleen

splenomegaly

formation or production of lymph

lymphopoiesis

inflammation of a lymph gland (node)

lymphaden/itis

disease of lymph glands

lymphaden/o/pathy

specialist in the study of immunity

immunologist

tumor of the thymus gland

thymoma

(red) cell that is large

macrocyte

decrease or deficiency in red blood cells

erythrocytopenia or erythropenia

decrease or deficiency in white blood cells

leukocytopenia or leukopenia

What is iron-deficiency anemia

decrease in red blood cells caused by insufficient iron in the diet

What is the most common anemia in the united states?

iron deficient anemia

In what population of people is iron deficiency anemia most common

adolescents and premenopausal women

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

extreme fatigue, cold hands and feet, and headaches

What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

oral or parenteral iron supplements, dietary modifications (commonly sufficient to restore iron reserves), and red cell transfusions possibly required in elderly patients

What is pernicious anemia

cause by inadequate levels of vitamin B12 needed for red cell development; commonly the result of insufficient amount of intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption; characteristic formation of large, abnormal RBCs

What are the signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia

weakness, nausea, vomiting; inflammation of nerves; muscular incoordination; lightheadedness and impaired memory; and progression of symptoms

What is the treatment for pernicious anemia

vitamin B12 injections, dietary changes to include red meats and liver; possibly lifelong treatment required

What is sickle cell anemia

hereditary form of anemia in which RBCs take on an abnormal, crescent shape, preventing them from passing through blood vessels

What are some signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia

episodic attacks of intense pain (pain crises) in arms, legs, or abdomen as a result of impaired circulation; clinical manifestations in many body systems and organs; jaundice in white of the eye; painful crises possibly triggered by infections, stress, and extremes in temperature

What are some treatments for sickle cell anemia

analgesics, adequate hydration, regular blood transfusions which are useful in decreasing the severity of the disease, and in severe cases bone marrow transplant

What is leukemia

malignancy of the bone marrow; proliferation of white blood cells that are unable to carry on their normal function; crowding out of RBCs and platelets by WBCs, leading to anemia and bruising and bleeding problems

What are the two forms of leukemia and which is the life threatening type

acute and chronic; acute

What is the most common cancer in children, adolescents, and young adults

leukemia

What are the signs and symptoms of leukemia

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenopathy; fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, and exercise intolerance; night sweats and joint pain; some asymptomatic until late in the disease

What is the cause of leukemia

it is unknown

What is the treatment for leukemia

depends on the type and the stage; variety of chemotherapeutic agents and sometimes bone marrow transplant

What is lymphedema

abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissues; common in arms and legs

What are two possible causes of lymphedema

injury to the tissue (as in burns) or blockage of the lymph channels

What are some signs and symptoms of lymphedema

generalized swelling of an arm or leg that may occur after surgery when a chain of lymph nodes has been removed; insufficient drainage of tissue fluid

What is the most common cause of lymphedema

radical mastectomy with removal of underarm lymph nodes

What are some other causes of lymphedema

injury, radiation therapy, surgery, skin infections, and tumors

What is the treatment for lymphedema

compression to limit swelling and promote lymph drainage; manual lymph drainage; elevation of the body parts to promote drainage; range of motion exercises

What is kaposi sarcoma

malignancy of connective tissue, especially the cells that line the lymph and blood vessels; affected area develops tumors or blotches called lesions; possibly invades internal organs including the lungs, intestines, and liver; closely associated with HIV infection and considered an “AIDS-defining condition”

What are the signs and symptoms of kaposi sarcoma

purple, red, or brown lesions; lesions appearing on lower extremities but spreading to the upper body, face, and mucous membranes of the mouth and throat and sometimes to the internal organs; weight loss as a result of pain caused by eating when lesions are in the mouth or throat; dyspnea when found in the lungs

What is the treatment for kaposi sarcoma

typically includes radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy; palliative treatment and good oral hygiene

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

autoimmune disease; development of autoantibodies that attack the skin, joints, and other organs of the body; mild to life-threatening disease; patterns of flares and remissions; more common in women than men

What are the signs and symptoms of SLE

fatigue, joint pain, anemia; abnormal blood clotting and edema; butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks; sensitivity to light and sun