Anatomy Chapter 13 Nervous Tissue

What does the CNS include?

Brain and Spinal Cord

What does the PNS include?

Any nervous tissue outside the CNS

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor)

Function of the CNS?

Control centers that process and integrate sensory information, plan and coordinate responses to stimuli, and control activities of other systems

Function of the PNS?

Efferent & afferent nervous tissue that links the CNS with sense organs and other systems

Afferent means:

Sensory

It carries info towards the CNS

Efferent means:

Motor

carries information from the CNS

What is the flow of the nervous system?

PNS (sensory afferent)

CNS (brain or spinal cord)

PNS (motor efferent)

Effector muscles or glands

What are the two divisions of the efferent division of the PNS?

1) Somatic Nervous System (controls skeletal muscle)

2) Automatic Nervous System (controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue)

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

1) parasympathetic

2) sympathetic

What are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?

?

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

?

What are the three types of sensory receptors?

1) special

2) visceral

3) somatic

What is the function of special sensory receptors?

monitor smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing

What is the function of visceral sensory receptors?

monitor cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive urinary, and reproductive system

What is the function of somatic sensory receptors?

monitor skeletal muscles, joints, body position, skin surface

• also provide position sense and touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensation

The glial cell that forms the blood brain barrier is -

astrocytes

The lipid rich material that is important for insulating axons is known as -

neurolemma

Factors that affect speed of action potential?

Diameter of axon (wider = faster)

Mylan = faster

What tyle of neuron structure is this?

anaxonic

The type of neuron that has two processes separated by the cell body is

bipolar

What type of neuron structure is this?

pseudounipolar

What type of neuron has many dendrites and one single axon is

multipolar

Synapses exist between neurons and other cells. The other cells can be -

other neurons, skeletal muscle cells, or gland cells

What is a divergence neural circuit?

A circuit for spreding stimulation to multiple neurons of neuronal pools in the CNS

What is a Convergence neural circuit?

A circuit for providing input to a single neuron form multiple sources

What is a serial processing neural circuit?

A circuit in which neurons of pools work sequentially

What is a parallel processing neural circuit?

A circuit in which neurons or pools process the same information semiseriously

What is a Reverberation neural circuit?

A positive feedback circuit

gray matter

unmyelinated structers

white matter

myelinated structures

CNS: cortex

gray matter on the surface of the brain

CNS: nuclei

collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS

CNS: tract

bundles of axon

PNS: ganglia

groups of neuron cell bodies

PNS: nerves

axons bundles together

What are the 6 types of neurogila cells (also state what group they are in)

CNS:

1) Astrocytes

2) Oligodendrocytes

3) Microglia

4) Ependymal

PNS:

1) Satellite

2) Schwann Cells

Astrocytes functions

• Largest and most numerous

• Maintain BBB

• Supports neurons structurally

• Repairs damaged nervous tissue

• Control interstitial environment

Oligodendrocytes function

• Myelinate CNS axons

• Provide structural framework

Microglia function

• Removes cell wastes & pathogens by phagocytosis

Ependymal function

• line ventricles and central canal

• assist in producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid

• contains cilia

Satellite function

• Surround neuron cell bodies in some parts of PNS

• Regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products between neuron’s cell body and extracellular fluid

Schwann Cells function

• surround axons of neurons in the PNS

• covering is called neurolemma

Describe the autonomic nervous system

The ANS is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. Has three divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

What does the CNS consists of?

Is the central system of the body consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Cerebellum

A portion of the brain in the posterior inferior region that processes information for coordination and movement

Diencephalon

Area between the cerebrum and brainstem. Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

Gyri

Folds on the surface of the cerebrum

Sulci

Grooves between the folds of the cerebrum

What does the frontal lobe process

Processes information involving motor movements, concentration, planning, and problem solving as well as sense of smell and emotions

What does the parietal lobes process?

sensory information with the exception of hearing, smell and vision

What does the temporal lobes do?

Process information related to hearing, smell, and memory as well as abstract thought and making judgements.

What does the occipital lobe process

Visual information

What does the thalamus do?

Carries all sensory information to the cerebral cortex (except for smell).

Sometimes referred to as “a relay station”.

Is also intimately involved in emotions due to its connection to the limbic system.

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

Intimately connected with the endocrine system and helps regulate hormones.

Helps regulate body temperature, thirst, hunger, and sexual drive.

Is also involved in processing emotions, mood, and sleep along with the reticular activating system.

What does the pineal gland do?

Secretes melatonin to help regulate sleep and wake cycles

What does the brainstem consist of?

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What does the medulla oblongata control?

controls heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting and blood vessel diameter

What do the pons do

Contain spinal cord tracts and nuclei that help to control respiration and sleep

What does the midbrain do

Helps to process motor and hearing information

What helps regualte sleep-wake cycles

The reticular formation

What is the limbic system

Consists of portions of both the cerebrum and diencephalon.

Is involved with emotions, reproduction, and memory.

What does the limbic system include

portions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary and amygdaloid bodies, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens.