human growth and development exam 1 ch1-3

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Nature vs. Nurture

Heredity vs. Environment

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Multidirectional

at every period, development is a joint expression of growth and decline

Multicultural

set of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, etc.

Multidisciplinary

many disciplines contribute to understanding development

plastic

people can be shaped---people are durable

interesectionality

various identities

Areas of development

Biology--physical changes

Cognitive--how adults/children think

Social/emotional-processes as growth continues

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

cross-sequential

studies several groups of people of different ages and then follows those groups longitudinally

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

operant learning

Learning by which the subject learns to operate on the environment to achieve certain consequences

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

continuos development

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Qualitative Research

research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

quantitative observation

An observation that deals with a number or amount

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

1. trust vs. mistrust

2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3. initiative vs. guilt

4. industry vs. inferiority

5. identity vs. role confusion

6. intimacy vs. isolation

7. generativity vs. stagnation

8. integrity vs. despair

Trust v. Mistrust

Refers to a stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust of their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized, and routine.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Industry v. Inferiority

4th stage in Erikson's model; children must master the skills valued by their society or feel inferior

identity v. role confusion

5th stage in Erikson's model; adolescents must develop a sense of identity or suffer lack of direction

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

cohort

a group of people from a shared age

Ecological Systems Theory

views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

Brofenbrenner

Ecological systems theory- development reflects the influence of 5 env. systems

Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner)

child's immediate setting: family, daycare center, school

Mesosytem

relations between microsystems or connections between contexts

Exosystem

in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly (parents job/school board)

Macrosystem

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Chronosystem

time

germinal period (0-2 weeks)

zygote implants itself into the wall of the uterus; placenta and umbilical cord develop

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

embryonic period

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

fetal period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child

prenatal care

the steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

age of viability

the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

Apgar scale

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration taken 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

day 2 after birth, records 46 behaviors

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

genotype vs phenotype

Genotype refers to alleles and Phenotype refers to appearance

Turner's Syndrome (Monosomy X)

- only an X chromosome

- females (no Y)

- nonfunctional ovaries (infertile)

- short in stature

Klinefelter syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.

low birth weight

Babies who weigh less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth

small for date infants

below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy

Chromosomal patterns

the female is XX and the male is XY