Motor Development Ch 5 & 6

Developmental Changes Overarm Throwing

Foot Action

1. No step

2. Homolateral step

3. Short contralateral step

4. Long contralateral step

Developmental Changes in Overarm Throwing

Trunk Action

1. None or forward- backward movement

2. Block rotation

3. Differentiated rotation

Developmental Changes in Overarm Throwing

Backswing

1. None

2. Shoulder flexion

3. Upward backswing

4. Downward, circular backswing

Developmental Changes in Overarm Throwing

Upper Arm Action

1. Oblique

2. Aligned but independent

3. Lagging

Developmental Changes in Overarm Throwing

Forearm Action

1. No lag

2. Lag

3. Delayed lag

Progression in Childhood

Overarm Throwing

Throwers do or do not achieve same step for each body component at same time?

Do not.

Progression in Childhood

Overarm Throwing

Everyone or not everyone will reach the highest step in each component?

Not everyone.

Explain the differences observed between the sexes in throwing. (Consider the interaction of individual, task, and environmental constraints.)

Gender differences are a mix of biological and sociocultural factors. 2013 Study shows adolescent boys and adult men significantly more developed in foot, trunk, humorous, and forearm action. History has not given women the opportunity to practice throwing like it has men.

Ball velocities in adulthood (overarm throwing)

Beginner, Moderate, or Advanced?

Moderate.

Musculoskeletal constraints might influence movement patterns used in what stage of life? (as it relates to overarm throwing)

Adulthood.

Throwing in adulthood

Change is slow, involving decline in performance, and is typically related to __________ rather than ___________?

control, coordination

Researchers often assess throwing by measuring which of the following?

accuracy, distance, and velocity

What are the components of the developmental sequence of throwing?

trunk action, humerus, foot, and forearm action

What sort of foot actions are characteristics of an unskilled thrower and striker?

No step (stage 1) or homolateral step (stage 2)

Of the 27 possible combinations of the trunk, humerus, and forearm components of the overarm throw, how many were observed in the 2002 research study conducted by Langendorfer and Roberton?

14

The developmental sequences that have been constructed for throwing address a throw for ________ rather than ________.

distance; accuracy

What component of the developmental sequences of punting would a skilled punter likely demonstrate in the ball-release phase?

early drop from chest height

The skill of striking is used for which types of movements?

volleyball serve, tennis serve, a golf swing

When very young children first attempt to strike a ball at waist level, what is the common result?

the motion looks like an overarm strike

In a study of older adults, how did the throwing form of the participants compare over the 7 years they were observed?

They remained relatively consistent in form.

What differentiates kicking from punting?

Punting uses eye-hand-foot coordination in dropping the ball to the leg contact.

Kicking uses eye-foot coordination in contact with leg to ball, also not having possession of the ball.

What qualitative developmental changes are shared by throwing and overarm striking?

The trunk, humerus, forearm, leg, and foot sequences (developmental changes) are shared by throwing and overarm striking.

Ballistic Skills

Developmental trends generally are toward proficient mechanical performance. State some of these proficiencies.

1. Performer uses forward step and more trunk rotation.

2. Trunk rotation is differentiated.

3. Projecting limb shows increasing lag.

Ballistic skills:

Older adults appear to maintain or not maintain coordination of ballistic skills?

Maintain.

Assessment of ballistic skills

How can you assess if an individual is in a developmental step?

Individuals are in a developmental step if a majority of executions, usually out of five attempts, fall into that category.

Assessment of ballistic skills

Observation should be conducted from the appropriate direction.

Side views show what?

Rear views show what?

Side views show forward step, trunk action, and lagging. Rear views show arm angles.

Mechanical principles are _________ for all striking tasks.

Similar.

What are the characteristics of early SideArm striking?

A chopping motion, with little leg and trunk movement.

Proficient side arm striking: what are the characteristics?

Differentiated trunk rotation, horizontal swing through large range of motion, and sideways preparatory stance and long step.

Volleyball serve is an example of striking with an implement or without an implement?

Without.

A tennis serve is an example of an over arm strike with an implement or without an implement?

With.

Which ballistic skill is considered most difficult?

Striking.

Older people generally perform inadequately in ballistic skills due to which factors? Name two.

Loss of strength, and concern about losing stability.

What can you do to make kicking easier?

Place the ball in a stationary spot.

Children typically have difficulty in Learning to do which two locomotor skills?

The Skip, the Gallop.

Is running or walking more difficult?

What makes it more difficult?

Running requires strength and balance.

Which is more difficult: hopping or jumping?

What makes it more difficult?

Hopping, it must be performed on one leg.

Hopping and jumping

Name the three main components of focus throughout adolescence, Adulthood, and elderly.

Stability, then

Mobility, and then again

Stability

Define locomotion.

Moving from place to place.

What 3 rate limiters do infants face for upright walking?

Balance, strength, and coordination.

What is the first form of upright, bipedal locomotion?

Walking.

Walking is defined as:

50% phasing of the legs, period of double support followed by period of single support.

Where are these in early walking?

-Arms

-Feet

What are the rate controllers?

Arms - high guard

Feet - out-toed and spread wide apart.

Strength and balance.

Proficient walking trades what for what?

What do these actions look like?

Foot:

Stance:

Pelvis:

Arms move in _______ to legs.

Stability for mobility.

Foot - heel-toe foot strike pattern.

Stance - narrower

Pelvis - rotated

Arms move in opposition to the legs.

Later or elderly walking looks much similar to what phase of walking?

Adolescent.

When does running occur after walking starts?

Running is defined by:

6 to 7 months.

50% phasing of the legs, flight phase followed by single support.

Early running is considered a return of "old behaviors," favoring _______ over ________.

Stabilty over mobility.

Proficient running:

Stride:

Base of support:

Trunk:

Increased stride length

Narrow base of support

Trunk rotation

Which starts later than the other?

Hopping or jumping?

Hopping.

Early characteristics of hopping:

1. Support leg:

2. Arms:

3. Swing leg.

1. Support leg is lifted rather than used to project body.

2. Arms are inactive.

3. Swing leg is held rigidly in front of body.

Proficient hopping:

1. Swing leg

2. Support leg

3. Arms

1. Swing leg leads hip and moves through full range of motion.

2. Support leg extends fully at the hip, and flexes on landing.

3. Oppositional arm movement.

3 Rate controllers in early hopping:

Force production

Balance

Force absorption

1 Rate controller in early jumping:

Force production

Explain the hop:

Individual propels self off the ground with 1 foot, lands on the same foot.

Explain the jump:

Individual propels self off ground with one or 2 feet, lands on 2 feet.

Explain the leap:

Individual propels self off ground with 1 foot, extends flight period, lands on opposite foot.

Children often begin simple jumping before what age?

2 years old

Early characteristics of jumping include:

- only jumping vertically

- 1 foot takeoff or landing

- No or limited preparatory movements

What are the characteristics of a proficient jump?

- preparatory crouch maximizes takeoff force.

- both feet leave the ground at same time.

- arm swing utilized during jump.

Galloping, sliding, and skipping involves a combination of skills previously obtained. Which 3 are these?

Stepping, hopping, leaping.

Galloping and sliding are asymmetric or symmetric?

Asymmetric.

Skipping is asymmetric or symmetric?

Symmetric.

Explain the gallop:

Forward step on 1 foot, Leap on other.

Same foot is always leading/in front.

Explain the slide:

Sideways step on 1 foot, leap on other.

Same foot is always leading.

Early galloping, sliding, skipping.

1. General look?

2. Arm movement?

3. Trunk?

4. Vertical lift

5. Stride

1. Arrhythmic and stiff

2. Little or no arm movement

3. Little or no trunk rotation

4. Exaggeration of vertical lift

5. Short stride or step length

Proficient galloping, sliding, and skipping.

What are 3 general characteristics?

Knees give on landing

Movements are rhythmic

Heel-foot or forefoot landings prevail.

What are the two rate controllers for galloping?

Coordination

Differential force production

What is the rate controller for sliding?

Coordination

What is the rate controller for skipping?

Coordination

What are the 2 rate limiters in early running?

And why?

Strength and balance

Strength to propel off the ground, balance in switching legs.